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GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS
Absence of APCs (Article processing charges)
Revista Brasileira de História da Educação does not charge authors any type of submission or publication fee. For the authors’ safety, if they are charged by any means (e-mail, telephone, messaging applications, etc.), RBHE recommends that the message be ignored and, preferably, that a notification be sent to the official e-mail of the publication: rbhe.sbhe@gmail.com This way, the journal will be able to investigate the attempted fraud.
Minimum Title
As a reference publication in the field, the journal requires a PhD as minimum degree for authors interested in submitting articles. In the case of collective authorship, at least one of the authors must have such a title. The publication modality is the continuous one.
Scientific Writing
The writing of submitted texts must be objective and scientific. The authors must conform to the standard variety of the language in which the text is written, bearing in mind the clarity, cohesion and coherence of the submitted content.
Use of Data and Citations
Articles containing data acquisition, or analysis and interpretation of data from other publications must reference them explicitly.
When writing articles that contain a critical review of the intellectual content of other authors, the latter must be duly cited.
The texts in all sections must present citations and, therefore, a complete list of bibliographic references. Thus, the absence of citations results in the rejection of the submission in the Primary evaluation of the submitted text.
Self-citations
The journal accepts a maximum rate of 5% of self-citations.
Participation and Contribution to the Research
All authors must describe, in a document of their own, to be signed and attached to the submission platform, the detailed participation of each of the authors who undersign the article, considering the following research stages: study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation; writing of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publishing.
According to the recommendations of the ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors), not every work in research constitutes authorship of the study to be published. Thus, certain types of participation in research can be referred to in the acknowledgments section of the article: general supervision of a research group or administrative support; assistance in the writing and textual revision of the article; scientific consulting, and others. Authors are recommended to read this page at the ICMJE’s own website for clarification on the subject.
Other authorship-related practices directly violate publication ethics, are disapproved by RBHE and should, without exception, be avoided:
- Ghost authorship: the true author of the content is hidden from the list of authors, not being credited for any reason;
- Invited author without actual participation: the inclusion of researchers for convenience, in the form of exchange of academic favors, or for any other reason.
Novelty Nature of the Publication
Every submission sent to RBHE for review must be original and unpublished. Thus, the texts cannot have been submitted for simultaneous review by another journal; otherwise, one must justify it in “Notes to the editor” so that the journal individually analyzes the issue.
Articles from Previous Publications
Regarding original articles, the journal requires that its content be unpublished, that is, it must not have been published in any means of scientific dissemination, except for preprint repositories and institutional repositories. Thus, texts already published in journals and event annals will be rejected and not peer reviewed.
If the submitted article is related to a research whose content has been disclosed by said means, its content must be an evident and significant expansion of the initial version, guaranteeing the novelty nature.
The repetition of most of the content is considered self-plagiarism, which results in the submission being rejected. It is the editorial committee that evaluates this aspect and decides on the appropriate action.
Adopted Style
Because it is international, Revista Brasileira de História da Educação adopts the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA) (6th ed.) as a standard for article presentation. Thus, all submitted articles must comply with the APA. Go to the bottom of this page and carefully observe the required standards.
Redundant Publication
Texts with more than two thirds of its content previously published are considered redundant publications. These are cases of overlapping textual content, which allows a redundant text to be considered self-plagiarism, resulting in its rejection by RBHE’s editorial staff.
Salami Publication
This practice consists of publishing an article whose research brings a repetition of methods, hypotheses and results. By presenting data that have been developed in an already published research, the authors slice the results in order to obtain volume of publication, artificially increasing their statistics.
A partial presentation of results that could be analyzed and compared in a single article requires an unnecessary crossing of references and hinders the development of the subject within the scientific community, taking the time of readers and editors unnecessarily. Thus, RBHE recommends that very similar topics, derived from a single research, be approached through the writing of one single article.
Corrections and Retractions
In the case of accidental mistakes, if the authors feel the need to correct data available in the published version of their articles, RBHE accepts requests for content correction. The latter will be analyzed by the editors; if deemed valid, the adjustment will be made, and the updated version will be published. A notification will be written and linked to the original text, which will remain available on the journal’s page.
In case of plagiarism, unethical research, duplicate publication and unreliable data, RBHE will thoroughly analyze the suspicion. If the violation of the journal’s ethical and editorial principles is confirmed, the article may remain available, identified as a “retracted version”. If necessary, the journal will remove the published version. In either of the cases – maintenance or exclusion –, there will be a retraction note, which will present the reasons that support the respective editorial decision.
Note on Research Funding
In the case of research funded by projects, institutions or other specific sources of financial aid, the authors must provide a note with information on the source of the funding.
Conflict of Interests
A conflict of interest can be of a personal, commercial, political, academic or financial nature. Conflicts of interest may occur when authors, reviewers or editors have interests that may influence the preparation or evaluation of manuscripts. When submitting their manuscripts, the authors are responsible for recognizing and revealing financial or other types of conflicts that may have influenced their work. If there is, even if potentially, a conflict of interest, the author(s) must refer to it in a document of their own, which must be signed and attached to the submission platform.
The authors must identify in the manuscript any financial support obtained for the execution of their work, as well as other personal connections regarding its conduction. The reviewer must inform the editors of any conflicts of interest that might influence the analysis of the manuscript, and must declare themselves not qualified to review it.
General Recommendations on Ethics
In addition to complying with the abovementioned provisions, specific to RBHE, it is recommended that authors access the official page of the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics). On it, it is possible to learn about specific principles and flowcharts, which will answer questions and enrich the ethical aspects of the editorial processes carried out during the evaluation and publishing of scientific research.
EVALUATION AND PEER REVIEW
Primary Evaluation
The first analysis performed on submitted articles is called Primary evaluation. At this stage, an editorial assistant checks the adequacy of the submission as to the fundamental norms adopted by the journal: text presentation and references as to citation rules; presence of mandatory metadata, and text structure (abstract, keywords, presentation of the authors and institutional affiliation, etc.). It is also when compliance with the minimum-title criterion is verified: at least one of the authors must be a PhD.
If there is inadequacy as to the fundamental items, the journal may reject the submission or request that thetext be revised. In this case, a punch list will be sent to the authors, who must make the necessary adjustments within 30 days. Revised versions, corrected manuscripts and respective documents must be posted through a click on the same title, that is, on the same submission, on the Active Submissions page in the OJS system.
Plagiarism Check
If the submission is adequate, compliant with all requirements of the Primary evaluation, the editors will evaluate the manuscripts using the iThenticate CrossCheck system. This stage assesses the textual content of the scientific articles, seeking to identify plagiarism, duplicate submissions, manuscripts already published and possible frauds in research.
Plagiarism is considered, in the academic field, as the undue appropriation of technical and scientific knowledge production. This practice is vehemently repudiated by RBHE and not tolerated under any circumstances. The following conducts constitute the main forms of plagiarism:
- Direct plagiarism: use of large excerpts belonging to other authors without proper attribution, presented as though they belonged to the author of the article;
- Faithful copy of short, uncited excerpts;
- Mosaic: use of adapted phrases, usually through synonyms and maintenance of sense and structure, from an external source, without due citation;
- Use of tables, charts, figures and other elements, without references to the consulted sources;
- Self-plagiarism: use of one’s own previously published work, without references to it.
If RBHE observes, in received submissions, the occurrence of any of the cases described above, the Editorial Board will take the applicable measures, in accordance with the guidelines of the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) concerning the identification of plagiarism.
Associate-Editor Review and Peer Review
Once the received submission is adequate, compliant with the criteria observed in the Primary evaluation and in the Plagiarism verification, the editorial team sends the text forward to the Peerreview process. At this point, an editorial assistant sends the submission to the associate editors so that one of them, in accordance with their area of expertise and availability, takes over the editing of the article.
If the associate editor finds incompatibility between the text and the focus and scope of the journal, the submission may be rejected, configuring the decision of Rejection by the editor, without peer review. If there is adequacy as to the focus and scope of the journal, the associate editor in charge assigns the article evaluation task to at least two ad hoc referees. The latter are duly qualified and have experience and practice in the field of the text to be evaluated.
Reviewer Ethics and Conduct
The Peerreview process is a decisive instrument for the assessment of science: it allows verifying and determining the degree of scientific rigor of a study. Only through serious evaluation a journal can ensure the integrity and quality of the content it publishes. Invited reviewers therefore need, in addition to outstanding academic knowledge, to act under ethical principles in order to avoid any distortion in the sense of the objective analysis of the content. Considering this work, some situations require special attention from the reviewer in the face of the journal’s request:
- Insufficient mastery of the subject: if the researcher considers that they have no sufficient knowledge on the subject, the journal recommends that this issue be notified. In addition to preventing a potentially insufficient evaluation, this notification helps editors search for other people with more suitable profiles. In this case, the invited reviewer can suggest other names for participation in the process;
- Conflict of interests: it is up to the reviewer to observe and notify the editor if the text received constitutes a conflict-of-interests situation. Common cases, which must be reported, occur when: the reviewer has had conflicts with the author before; the reviewer is the author’s friend, family member and/or co-author in recent articles or in works in progress; the reviewer was the author’s advisor in master’s or doctoral research; the evaluated study essentially contradicts the reviewer’s research;
- Secrecy on textual content: because they have access to unpublished studies, the author must not disclose any version used for evaluation. Therefore, they must be attentive and careful with the use of files in their devices;
- Objectivity in evaluation: the form provided by RBHE assists in the objectivity of the evaluation process. Referees must comply with the criteria pointed out, refraining themselves from talking about aspects not requested by the journal. When discussing concepts, it is recommended that they mention references that justify the evaluation. A polite writing, free from non-scientific judgments and pejorative terms, is also related to objectivity. If this type of content is present, the journal may remove the inappropriate excerpts when sending the evaluation report to the authors.
Double-Blind Method and Reviewer Recommendation
RBHE adopts the double-blind method for peer review, by means of which both authors and reviewers remain anonymous throughout the process. The reviewer will only know the authorship after the text is published, in case of approval. The author, in their turn, will never know the identity of the reviewers of their work.
Referees receive a form with open-ended and objective questions about the article. It addresses the following aspects: originality, relevance and contribution to the History of Education field; structure, organization, clarity and coherence of the text; title and abstract suitability; achievement of objectives; analysis of sources in conjunction with the adopted theoretical framework; bibliography pertinence and updating; revision as to spelling, grammar and APA standards.
After evaluating the aspects mentioned, the reviewer provides general comments on the text, along with their recommendation, which may be:
- Unfavorable to publishing: the article, as such, has several issues and does not meet the minimum criteria for publishing;
- Favorable to publishing with minor adjustments: if the latter are properly made, which will be checked by the reviewer, publishing will be recommended;
- Favorable to publishing with considerable adjustments: if the latter are properly made, which will be checked by the reviewer, publishing will be recommended;
- Favorable to publishing: the reviewer recommends publishing, with no adjustments needed.
Final Decision
For a submission to be considered for publishing, there must be at least two favorable opinions. If there is a negative and a positive opinion, a third referee must evaluate the text. Considering the pair of favorable opinions, it is up to the associate editor to check the notes left during the Peer review and, finally, to decide on the publishing or rejection of the text. The final decision, therefore, is always up to the associate editor in charge or of the editor-in-chief, if their intervention is necessary in the submission.
Declaration of Absence of Conflict of Interests
Upon taking on the task of evaluating a submission, a referee must declare the absence of a conflict of interests. To do so, they need to include the following text in the “General comment”" field of the Evaluation form, available in the OJS itself: “I declare that there is no circumstance characterizing a situation of potential conflict of interests, or that can be perceived as a hindrance to an unbiased opinion. I undertake to keep all information contained in this process confidential, in particular, my status as advisor and the content of this opinion”.
POLICY ON VERSIONS IN OTHER LANGUAGES
As of August 1, 2020, to give greater international visibility to articles originally written in Portuguese, Spanish or French, editors will be able to suggest to authors the translation into English of the final version of the text of articles already approved for publishing. In this case, the responsibility for the translation – including its costs – must be taken by the authors of the article. RBHE will publish both versions of the text (in the original language and in English).
For the articles referred to by the editors for the English version, the authors must provide the translation along with a Declaration of translation performed by an in-charge qualified professional, in accordance with this template. Once filled out, the document must be scanned and submitted to the OJS system as a supplementary document.
PUBLISHING OF TRANSLATIONS
RBHE publishes translated versions of relevant texts, already published, for research in the History of Education field. Submissions for this modality must include an authorization from the author of the original work or from the publisher through which the text has been published. If the work is in the public domain, this procedure is not necessary, with the author of the translation being responsible for this information.
Because it is a published text, previously reviewed by peers, and editing its content in the case of a translation is not possible, it is up to the Editor-in-Chief and the associate editors to analyze and decide on its publishing feasibility. The analyzed criteria are the same as those that make up the script for Peer review.
COPYRIGHT, REPOSITORY POLICIES AND LICENSING
Originality: when submitting articles, authors must declare that the submitted work is original and that all authors have been duly credited.
Copyright: copyrights belong exclusively to the authors. RBHE requires authorization, signed individually by all authors, for publishing and distributing any content.
Repository policy: RBHE has its preprint deposit policy registered in the SHERPA/ROMEO platform. Aligned with the criteria of the Open Science movement, the journal allows authors who submit to the journal to deposit preprints at all publishing stages: pre-evaluation version, version accepted for publishing and final version, available in the journal’s own summary. In case of deposit of the final version, the authors must always indicate the DOI for the official publishing by the journal.
Because it is indexed in SciELO, RBHE recommends that authors use the SciELO Preprints server. There, they can deposit the unreviewed version and the approved version for publishing, which will be accompanied by the final version if the article is accepted for publishing. Find out more here.
Licensing: the journal uses the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (CC BY 4.0). By submitting their text, the author agrees with the aforementioned licensing policy. This allows sharing (copying and distribution of material in any medium or format) and adaptation (remix, transformation and creation of material from the content thus licensed for any purposes, including commercial ones, provided that the conditions imposed by the license are met).
One of the conditions for use and reuse is to always reference the licensed content, mentioning its authors and adding a hyperlink to the published material. Other conditions, equally important, are set out in the Legal Code of the license.
ARCHIVING
Because it has its full catalog in the Open Journal Systems (OJS), managed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), RBHE chose to use the archiving system developed by the PKP itself, the PKP Preservation Network. This way, the journal guarantees the safe preservation of its content, meeting the standards on good practices in archiving. Learn more about how this service works.
PROPERTY AND MANAGEMENT
RBHE is the official publication of the Brazilian Society for the History of Education [Sociedade Brasileira de História da Educação] (SBHE). Founded in September 1999, the SBHE is a civil association for non-economic purposes, a private-law legal entity. Its board of directors is elected by its members and has a two-year term. Said board is composed of researchers located in all Brazilian regions. The entity also has an Audit Committee responsible for monitoring its financial management.
The management of the journal, in its turn, goes through the aforementioned bodies of the Editorial Board and its team of editorial assistants. The latter are responsible for the editorial flow – from submission to final publishing and distribution. In addition to the journal’s own team, outsourced professionals perform some activities involving, for example, layout, bibliographic review and production of XML versions.
ISSN
Revista Brasileira de História da Educação is also known by the initials RBHE or by its official abbreviated name, Rev. Bras. Hist. Educ. Its e-ISSN is 2238-0094. The p-ISSN 1519-5902 identifies the printed version of the journal, discontinued as of 2017, when the publication became exclusively online.
FREQUENCY
RBHE is published continuously and annually. The flow for article submission is continuous as well, that is, the journal is always open to receive manuscripts.
SECTIONS
ARTICLES - Analytical texts that present original results of research work and/or theoretical-methodological reflection.
DOSSIERS - Sets of articles addressing topics of relevance to the field of History of Education. They must have an inter-institutional character, consist of a presentation and three to five articles, bringing together authors affiliated with at least three institutions and preferably with the participation of at least one researcher affiliated with a foreign institution. Only a minimum of three articles approved by the reviewers will be published as a dossier. In case of approval of only one or two texts, these may be published separately.
TRANSLATIONS - Texts relevant to research in the field of History of Education. They must include an authorization from the author of the original work or from the publisher in which the text was published. If the work is in the public domain, this procedure is not necessary, the translator being responsible for this information.
INTERVIEWS - Testimonials from researchers whose trajectory and contribution are relevant to the area.
REVIEWS - Critical studies of recently published texts or works considered classic in the area. They must obligatorily present the complete bibliographic reference, comments and judgments on the ideas expressed in the work, the methodology used, the relevance of the theme and approach to the area, as well as the position of the author(s) in the academic debate.
Editorial standards
Authors must verify the compliance of the originals with the settings adopted by the journal. Non-standard jobs will be automatically rejected.
The originals submitted for publication must be unpublished, and their simultaneous presentation in another journal is not allowed.
Each author can only have one text in progress, between submission and its publication, observing an interval of two years between publication and a new submission of text by the same author.
PRESENTATION OF ORIGINALS
LANGUAGES: The Revista Brasileira de História da Educação accepts collaborations in Portuguese, Spanish and English.
FORMAT: The text must be typed in Word for Windows text editor, Times New Roman font, size 12, 1.5 line spacing; page size A4 (297 x 210 mm), with top and bottom margins of 2.5 cm; and right and left margins of 3 cm.
All authorship indications must be deleted from the originals, including the username registered on Microsoft Word.
For submission, the registration of all authors of the manuscript in the metadata of the system is mandatory and must include full name (maximum of four), ORCID identifying number (ID), institutional address and e-mail. Later inclusion of authors that are not registered in the system will not be allowed.
The cover sheet must contain the title of the piece of work and full information about all authors, in this order: name, latest degree, role, institutional filiation (in full and initials), city, state, e-mail and full address.
Authors should check the text for spelling and grammar errors, as well as for compliance with APA norms, before presenting it to the Revista Brasileira de História da Educação.
EXTENSION: All pieces of work must comply with the following extension:
• Articles, translations and articles from the dossiers – 40,000 to 60,000 characters with spaces (excluding from the count the abstract and its versions in English and Spanish, and including graphs, tables, figures and images). The abstract and its versions must contain between 700 and 800 characters with spaces, each;
• Reviews – 8,000 to 15,000 characters with spaces;
• Interviews – 8,000 to 15,000 characters with spaces.
TITLE, ABSTRACT, KEYWORDS, SECTIONS: all articles must include abstract and keywords (up to four keywords not mentioned in the title, separated by comma), in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Full title with subtitles (in up to two lines) must also be presented in their versions for English and Spanish.
The text must contain, MANDATORILY, sections ‘Introduction’ and ‘Further Considerations’.
In order to facilitate the use of and search for keywords, a Controlled Vocabulary must be used. The RBHE adopts "Brased" – Brazilian Education Thesaurus.
EXPLANATORY NOTES: Footnotes, presented in consecutive numbering, must have explanatory purpose.
REFERENCES AND CITATIONS
Citations must follow the examples below, which are based on the norm of the American Psychological Association (APA). For citation in the text, use surname and year: Garraffoni (2007) or (Garraffoni, 2007); for two authors: Virtuoso and Rabelo (2015) or (Virtuoso & Rabelo, 2015); for three to five authors (1st citation): Gheorghiu, Gruson and Vari (2008) or (Gheorghiu, Gruson & Vari, 2008), and, in subsequent citations, Gheorghiu et al. (2008) or (Gheorghiu et al., 2008); for six authors or more, cite only the first one followed by et al.: Cachioni et al. (2015) or (Cachioni et al., 2015).
SELF-CITATIONS
The journal accepts a maximum rate of 5% of self-citations.
MODELS FOR REFERENCES
They must be organized in alphabetical order, with justified alignment, in accordance with the following examples, which are based on the norm of the American Psychological Association (APA). List all authors of the piece of work. Periodical titles must be written in full, not abbreviated, without place of publication.
Important: from the second line, in every reference, there must be a left indent.
ARTICLES
One author
Saviani, D. (2015).Historiography of Brazilian education: training and development field of the history of education in Brazil.Acta Scientiarum. Education, 37(1), 1-14. doi: 10.4025/actascieduc.v37i1.23680
Two authors
Virtuoso, T. S., & Rabelo, G. (2015). Escolas étnicas italianas: Urussanga como principal centro ítalo-brasileiro catarinense no início do século XX. Acta Scientiarum. Education, 37(1), 65-77.
Up to seven authors (all authors must be indicated, separated by comma, except for the last one, who must be separated by comma followed by &)
Gheorghiu, M. D., Gruson, P., & Vari, J. (2008). Trocas intergeracionais e construção de fronteiras nas experiências educativas das classes médias. Educação e Sociedade, 29(103), 377-399.
Eight authors or more (indicate the first six, insert suspension points and add the last author)
Cachioni, M., Ordonez, T. N., Batistoni, S. S. T., Lima-Silva, T. B., Fooken, I., Dornelles, L. V., ... Ramos, A. C. (2015). Metodologias e estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas por educadores de uma Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade. Educação & Realidade, 40(1), 81-103
ANNALS
Caporalini, J. B. (2005). O problema antropológico em O Nome da Rosa. In Anais da 4ª Jornada de Estudos Antigos e Medievais da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (p. 200-213). Maringá, PR.
BOOKS
Bowman, A. K., & Woolf, G. (1998). Literacy and power in the ancient world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Adorno, T. W. (2003). Educação e emancipação. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Paz e Terra.
Ucko, P. (1995). Archaeological interpretation in a world context. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Theory in archaeology: a world perspective (p. 1-27). Londres, UK: Routledge.
THESIS
Santos, V. S. (2007). A mediação docente na educação para mídia (Dissertação de Mestrado). Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Chamberlin, J. Novotney, A. Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health pschologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.
ONLINE MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Fiuza, G. (2015, Julho). Só a Grécia salva Dilma: Austeridade é o palavrão da moda. A Grécia deve € 26 milhões à Espanha, e a culpa é dos espanhóis. Época. Acessado em: http://epoca.globo.com/colunas-e-blogs/guilherme-fiuza/noticia/2015/07/so-grecia-salva-dilma.html
ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Ninio, M. (2015, 6 de Agosto). Se partido não o escolher, Trump ameaça concorrer como independente. Folha de São Paulo. Acessado em: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2015/08/1665601-se-nao-for-escolhido-trump-ameaca-concorrer-como-independente.shtml
For instructions on other reference cases in accordance with APA norms, consult the “Normalização de Referências: adaptação do manual de estilo da American Psychological Association (APA) – 6a ed.” material [Standardization of References: adaptation of the style guide of the America Psychological Association] (APA), published by the Psychology Institute of the University of São Paulo: https://www.ip.usp.br/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/normalizacao_referencias_APA_6_ed_vers%C3%A3o2013.pdf
Spacing after punctuation elements
Add space after
- commas, colon and semi-colon.
- marks that separate parts of a quoted reference.
- marks after initials in names (for instance, J. R. Zhang).
Exception: do not add space after internal marks in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e.).
Period
Use a period with
- name initials (J. R. Smith).
- Latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.).
- abbreviations of references (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., p. 6)
Do not use a period with
- abbreviations of state names (SP; MG; Maringá, PR) on list of references.
- abbreviations made up of capital letters or acronyms (APA, IBAMA, IBGE).
- web addresses in the text or on the list of references (http://www.apa.org). In the text, insert the link in brackets when possible, or revise the sentence to avoid ending it with a URL and without punctuation.
- metric and non-metric abbreviations (cd, cm, kg, lb, min, s).
Dash
Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of the sentence. Its excessive use breaks the textual flow.
Quotation marks
Observe the following instructions for use of double quotations marks for cases other than direct quotation of external source.
Use double quotation marks
- to introduce a word or phrase such as an ironic comment, slangs or neologism. Use quotation marks the first time the word or phrase is used; afterwards, do not use it.
Correct:
considered a “normal” behavior
the “astonishing” variable . . . the astonishing variable (no quotation marks after the first instance).
Incorrect:
considered a ‘normal’ behavior
the “astonishing” variable . . . the “astonishing” variable
- to indicate, in the body text, the title of an article or chapter in periodical or book.
Riger’s article (1992), “Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science, Social Values, and the Study of Women”
- to reproduce items on a list or instructions to participants:
The first item to be filled in was “it was expected that ________”
If the instructions are long, separate them from the body text through an indentation, without quotation marks.
Do not use double quotation marks
- to identify references from a scale. Instead, use italics.
We ranked the items on a scale ranging from 1 (all the time) to 5 (never).
- to insert a letter, word, phrase or sentence as linguistic example. Instead, use italics.
- He explained the difference between now and know
- to introduce a technical term. Instead, use italics.
The term diction appears frequently in the discourse.
She compared it by meta-analysis, which is described in the next section.
Single or double quotation marks
In the text. Use double quotation marks to open and close quotations in the text. Use single quotation marks to replace double quotation marks inside a quotation, that is, when the quoted excerpt already has double quotation marks.
Correct: Miranda (2002) observed that the “‘expanded crystal’ phenomenon, verified in previous studies, has its effects boosted if tested at higher temperatures” (p. 299).
Incorrect: Miranda (2002) observed that the ““expanded crystal” phenomenon, verified in previous studies, has its effects boosted if tested at higher temperatures” (p. 299).
In indented quotations. Do not use double quotation marks to open and close these quotations. Use them only when there are double quotation marks in the quoted excerpt itself, in the indented text itself.
Correct:
The “expanded crystal” phenomenon, verified in previous studies, has its effects boosted if tested at higher temperatures. In the case analyzed initially, the application of medicines proved little efficient, thus making it necessary to use different temperatures in the experiment (p. 299).
Incorrect:
“The “expanded crystal” phenomenon, verified in previous studies, has its effects boosted if tested at higher temperatures. In the case analyzed initially, the application of medicines proved little efficient, thus making it necessary to use different temperatures in the experiment (p. 299)”.
Using italics
For the specific use of italics in APA periodicals, see the guidelines below. In general, limit the use of italics.
Use italics for
- titles of books, periodicals, movies, videos, TV shows and microfilm publications.
Exception: words in the title of a book that are in italics already must be written in Roman type (this is usually called reverse italics).
A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Monkey Brain (Macaca Mulatta)
Dreaming by the Book: Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams and the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
- genre, species and varieties.
Macaca mulatta
- introduction of a new term or technical term.
- a letter, word or phrase inserted as a linguistic example.
words such as big and small
the letter a
the meaning of make believe
a row of Cs
- words that could be misinterpreted
Small group (meaning a designation, not the size of the group)
- indication of periodical volume on lists of references
American Psychologist, 26, 46-67
- markers on a scale
health indexes range from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent).
Tables and figures numbers
Number all tables and figures with Arabic numerals in the order they are mentioned in the text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the table or figure occurs later in the text or not. Do not use letters as suffixes to number tables and figures; that is, number them as Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, or Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7, instead of 5, 5a and 5b. If the manuscript includes an appendix with tables and figures, identify those appendix elements with capital letters and Arabic numerals (e.g., Table A1 is the first table of Appendix A, Figure C2 is the second figure of Appendix C.
Table titles
Provide each table a brief but explanatory title. The basic content of the table must be inferred from its title. Abbreviations that appear in the header or body of a table may be explained in the title itself (abbreviation in brackets).
Explain abbreviations that require further explanations or that do not relate directly to the content of the title in a general note above the table. Do not use a specific note to clarify an element of the title.
5.16
Tables may have two types of notes located below the body: general notes and explanatory notes. A general note qualifies, explains and provides information related to the table as a whole and ends with an explanation of abbreviations, symbols and the like. Also consider, in this case, information about the origin of the table, that is, whether it originates from an external source. General notes must be identified by the word Note (italicized)
For other cases, we suggest that authors consult the “Normalização de Referências: adaptação do manual de estilo da American Psychological Association (APA) – 6a ed." material [Standardization of references: adaptation of the manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)], published by the Psychology Institute of the University of São Paulo and available at this link.
Ideological responsibility
Articles whose authorship is identified express the viewpoint of the authors rather than the official stance of the Revista Brasileira de História da Educação.
Contact
Contact with the Revista Brasileira de História da Educação can be made via e-mail – rbhe.sbhe@gmail.com. |
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