Servicios Personalizados
Revista
Articulo
Compartir
Cadernos de História da Educação
versión On-line ISSN 1982-7806
Cad. Hist. Educ. vol.20 Uberlândia 2021 Epub 29-Ene-2022
https://doi.org/10.14393/che-v20-2021-26
Articles
1Universidade Federal do Paraná (Brasil). luani.liz.souza@gmail.com
2Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq. vera.gaspar.udesc@gmail.com
This text presents data that characterize the physical and rhetorical presence and the circulation of film projectors in Brazilian schools. The documentation consulted allows constructing (or reconstructing) part of a narrative that praises modernity and progress in education through the invention, manufacture and commercialization of a set of artifacts, including film projectors. From the narrative of modernity, fostered by World’s Fairs, to alliances between the educational sector and an industry that discovered a large market in schools, a map is constructed that portrays the presence of companies, commercial representatives and projectors in schools. No less important is the formulation of the Instituto de Cinema Educativo, its functions and activities, and the commercial relations it established with international film companies. The narrative of school content is thus guided by interests of the film industry and its allies and spokespersons who defend the need to “industrialize” teachers.
Key words: Film projector; School material culture; School objects; Educational cinema
Este texto apresenta dados que caracterizam a presença (física e retórica) e a circulação do cinematógrafo na escola brasileira. A documentação consultada permite construir (ou reconstruir) parte de uma narrativa que enaltece a modernidade e o progresso na educação através da invenção, fabricação e comercialização de um conjunto de artefatos, entre eles o cinematógrafo. Da narrativa da modernidade, fomentada pelas Exposições Universais, às alianças entre o setor educativo e a indústria que descobre na escola um grande mercado, vai-se construindo um mapa que retrata a presença de indústrias e representantes comerciais bem como, do próprio objeto na escola. Não menos importante é a formulação do Instituto de Cinema Educativo, suas funções e atividades e às relações comerciais estabelecidas com as indústrias internacionais de cinematografia. A narrativa dos conteúdos escolares estaria assim balizada por interesses da indústria e seus aliados e porta-vozes que irão defender a necessidade de industriar o professor.
Palavras-chave: Cinematógrafo; Cultura material escolar; Objetos da escola; Cinema educativo
Este texto presenta datos que caracterizan la presencia (física y retórica) y la circulación del cinematógrafo en la escuela brasileña. La documentación consultada permite construir (o reconstruir) parte de una narrativa que alaba la modernidad y el progreso en la educación a través de la invención, fabricación y comercialización de un conjunto de artefactos, incluido el cinematógrafo. desde la narrativa de la modernidad, fomentada por Expositions Universal, hasta las alianzas entre el sector educativo y la industria que descubre un gran mercado en la escuela, se construye un mapa que retrata la presencia de industrias y representantes comerciales, así como del objeto en sí mismo en la escuela. No menos importante es la formulación del Instituto de Cinema Educativo, sus funciones y actividades y las relaciones comerciales establecidas con las industrias cinematográficas internacionales. la narrativa del contenido escolar se guiaría por los intereses de la industria y sus aliados y portavoces que defenderán la necesidad de industrializar al maestro.
Palabras clave: Cinematografo; Cultura material de la escuela; Objetos de la escuela; Cine educativo
Introduction
The objective of this proposal is to present data that characterize the physical and rhetorical presence and circulation of film projectors in Brazilian schools. The insertion of this artefact is articulated to a “game of seduction” of modern pedagogy to stimulate the use of objects, in this case “audiovisual technology”. By establishing a proximity with industrial modernization, innovation would help to reorganize and accelerate processes and modes of learning and teaching. In this situation, as Almeida (1932) announced, it was necessary to “industrialize teachers” [in Portuguese the word could mean to teach or induce] about the best types of devices.
The presence of electrically driven, mechanical, optical equipment, such as projectors, would create a field dedicated to the technological training of teachers, given that to teach with a certain device would mobilize another technical practice. When Almeida (1932) denominates this education as “industrializing” teachers, he did so after the Exposição de Cinemathografia Educativa [Educational Film Exposition] (1929) in Brazil’s capital, Rio de Janeiro. Almeida considered this exposition to be part of an educational reform, which he understood would not remain on paper. Almeida’s use (1932) of the term “industrialize” also appears later, when in the national capital, between 1930 and 1934, public bids were issued to convoke the education of teachers in the use of film projectors. The call for this training took place according to the “type/brand” of projector in each school that the teacher worked with.
In this light, the documentation consulted3 allows constructing, (or reconstructing) part of a narrative that highlights modernity and progress in education gained through the invention, fabrication and sale of a group of artefacts. Among them we highlight the projector, whose popularization and handling became possible through the improvement of techniques that increasingly made projection equipment available to the broad public, including schools.
This study begins at the World’s Fairs, which stimulated an approximation in relations between companies that manufactured optical devices and the school market. The emphasis is on the period from the 1910s to the 1930s, due to the evidence of the incorporation of this artefact as a pedagogical recourse in schools. The analysis concludes in 1936, which marks the creation of Brazil’s National Institute of Educational Cinema. Moments before and after these dates will be considered whenever they contribute to understanding the issues presented.
It should be noted that the study identified the presence of mechanical optical devices long before the period of this study, although these devices still had specific forms of projection (particularly from a fixed image to a moving image). In 1649, Jesuits4 had already used a “magic lantern”. Information was located about phantasmagorias in 1797, the thaumatrope5 (which had an images on two sides of a paper or cardboard that were visually combined by pulling strings to rapidly flip the sheet) dated from 1825 and the zootropo, invented in 18346.
But, it would be Patente nº 01003, of 1895, nº fab. 44, which registered the device presented by the Brothers Lumière7 that became a milestone in the creation of a mechanism capable of capturing, copying and projecting images, a way to move film, pass it without abrupt interruption between the frames of images, and allow seeing “real movement”. The World’s Fairs had an important role in the visibility, commercialization and “popularization” of the Lumière's invention. According to Gaspar da Silva and Souza (2016, pp. 7-8), the World’s Fairs, “symbolize the consensus that can be found in the literature in the field that addresses them as “showcases of modernity” and “stages of progress”, which combined in the products exhibited the advance of nations, technological development and the construction of modern taste (or consumption. […]. Education became inserted as a theme and item at the Fairs and was also consecrated as an expression of technological progress.”
The chart below presents a chronology of the World’s Fairs. Although local initiatives were a type of embryo of the World’s Fairs, those prior to 1851 and after 1922, were not considered.
Year | City | Country |
---|---|---|
1851 | London | England |
1855 | Paris | France |
1862 | London | England |
1865 | Port | Portugal |
1867 | Paris | France |
1873 | Vienna | Austria |
1876 | Philadelphia | United States |
1878 | Paris | France |
1879 | Sidney | Australia |
1880 | Melbourne | Australia |
1882 | Buenos Aires | Argentina |
1883 | Antwerp | Belgium - local initiatives |
1884 | New Orleans | United States |
1888 | Barcelona | Spain |
1889 | Paris | France |
1893 | Chicago | United States |
1897 | Brussels | Belgium |
1900 | Paris | France |
1904 | Louisiana | United States |
1906 | Milan | Italy |
1910 | Brussels | Belgium |
1915 | S. Francisco | The United States |
1922 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazil |
Source: Organized by Gaspar da Silva and Souza (2016) based on Kuhlmann Júnior, 2001, p. 10, and other bibliographic sources and newspapers, such as: O Publicador. Exposição Industrial, 22/maio/1866, ano V, n.1109, pp.3-4.
According to Liz Souza (2016, p. 65), the Fairs from 1851 to 1900 presented objects that were rhetorically qualified as “great inventions”, including the photographic device of Louis Daguerre in London, 1851; the telephone of Graham Bell in Philadelphia, 1876; and the film projector of the brothers Lumières and the Cinematograph of Thomas Edison in Paris, 1900.
Images like that portrayed in the poster below, which refers to the Universal Exposition [World’s Fair] of Paris of 1900, promoted a “majestic” representation of sciences, arts and techniques for the consumption of the nations that circulated at the Fair.
Source: Biblioteque Numérique Gallica8 - Grand globe céleste. Exposition Universelle de 1900 / [affiche]/ [non identifié].1900.)
According to Sandra Pesavento, in this context, science allows communication from one side of the universe to the other; it provides a light that appears as an emanation from the sun; it produces in the physical treatment of simple bodies, effects that shifted all theoretical knowledge about matter. (Pesavento, 1997, p.90)
At the turn of the century and in a period in which literature in the field identifies schools for the masses as a mark in the expansion of a school model, the 1900 World’s Fair had an important role for the inventions that it put on display and that would become emblematic: the Eifel Tower (Fig. 2); the flying carpet (Fig. 3); and the brothers’ Lumière 21-meter tall movie screen (Fig. 4) are among them.
Source: Tirage sur papier albuminé d'après négatif sur verre au gélatino-bromure d'argent, 27 x 20 cm BnF, Estampes et Photographie, D.L. 1900, Qb1 1900 folio, Exposition universelles, photographies de Neurdein, tome 3.
Source: Parisen Images Avec Paris en Images, découvrez les collections photographiques de la Ville de Paris. Collections Roger Viollet du musée Carnavalet.
Film projectors appeared at the 1900 World’s Fair in 3 ways: 1) participation in a stand (allowing one viewer at a time -Edison’s kinescope) - (Fig. 5); 2) the Lumière projector; 3) and finally, in an advanced method for the period, the cinéorama (Raoul Grimoin-Sanson- multi-cameras in a balloon) 55 - (Fig. 6).
It is important to remember that while the projector was displayed at the World’s Fairs, it was already being used in Europe and North and Latin America.
In France, Dr. Eugène-Louis Doyen (1889) had used an educational projector to teach surgical practices. In the United States, in 1905, it was possible to note the presence of projectors in education, at the School Museum of Saint Louis. The standardization of the projector in U.S. teaching began in early 1910, through the creation of the Association for Visual Instruction and later, by the Division of Visual Instruction in New York. (Liz Souza, 2016, p. 36-37)
In Latin America, information was located about the use of projectors in Argentina and Chile between 1889 and 1900. In Brazil, this presence was identified in 1899, in records at the Escola Normal do Estado do Maranhão. Companies in related sectors invested in this new niche to meet demand, leading to new products and adaptations of the devices, such as ―Le cinema-scolaire-électric Nº 3 - Georges Mendel.
From the narrative extoling modernity promoted by the World’s Fairs, to the ties between the education sector and companies that discovered the large educational market, a map was developed to portray the presence of companies and commercial representatives, as well as objects themselves in schools, whether as a distinctive elements, or as didactic resources that would illustrate with greater rigor and vigor the contents to be presented.
In terms of commercial treaties, in the nineteenth century the Brazilian government would stimulate the entrance of “new technologies” to schools, as can be seen in a clause of Law nº 35915 of 1895, which presents a budget for spending in the following year, in the item dedicated to sales taxes:
The tax and importation of school material for primary education is reduced by 60%, considering this as solely technical material (school notebooks, blackboards, maps, dous de Froebel, natural sciences and geometric solids, and not any other that may have a different purpose). - The reduction will only be in force during the budget period and only for the material that is imported to establishments of free [public] education. (Art. 19 da Lei nº 359 de 1895).
In school spaces, beyond the records from 1899 referring to the Escola Normal do Estado do Maranhão16, the presence of film projectors was identified in the 1910s and 1920s, in some institutions such as public schools and special sessions for children at movie theaters in cities. In Santa Catarina in 1912, film sessions were identified at the Grupo Escolar Lauro Müller, in Florianópolis (the state capital) and at the Grupo Escolar Conselheiro Mafra, which had recently been inaugurated in the city of Joinville, in the northern part of the state.
Heloisa Villela (2010) reported on the presence of film projectors in Brazilian education as one of the elements to sustain reforms realized by Benjamin Constant (1890) who sought, according to the author, make the Escola Normal more dynamic. The improvement in education sought to use technologies to innovate the Pedagogium (1890) - a museum that supported normal schools and model schools - with school objects that gained prominence for being modern, including “technological collections and school devices”. As determined by Art. 1º of Decreto nº 607 of 1890: "The purpose of the Pedagogium is: to establish a center to stimulate reforms and improvements in what is needed in national education […] the exhibition of the best methods and the most refined teaching materials".
In terms of production of material that would require use of a projector for presentation, in Brazil the first records located in the documentation consulted indicate filming conducted by Oswaldo Cruz about fighting yellow fever and Chagas disease, which had recently been identified. These films were exhibited at the International Hygiene Exposition in Dresden, in 191117 and present sanitation problems in Brazil. In 1910 Edgar Roquette Pinto organized a film library at the Museu Nacional18, with material that became part of the body of didactic collections that should compose the school museums19. The films produced by the film center at the Museu Nacional came to be called lições de coisas20 [lessons about things], as were others from large film companies, such as Distributed by De Vry School Films Inc. or Pathé l’enseignement, which, according to Jonathas Serrano and Venâncio Filho (1930) called their educational film collection lições de coisas.
According to the report of the Ministry of Agribusiness, Industry and Commerce (1912-1913, p. 78), the organ to which the Museum was subordinated in this period, in addition to films acquired from the companies Pathé and De Vry, the film center of the Museu Nacional invested in the production of films. For example, there was a 1912 production by Roquette Pinto that resulted from the Rondon Commission, which conducted filming with Indigenous peoples. This material was included in the archives of the Museu Nacional.
Convinced of the importance of this artefact and aware of its high costs, in 1916 Roquette Pinto recognized the need to have a “school type” projector. As found in the writings of Serrano and Venâncio (1930), Roquette bult a model of a projector, which was still called a “’school lantern”.
These data indicate the possibility and need to locate information that would help compose a more organic and representative understanding of the presence of projectors in Brazilian schools. Thus, other sources were consulted, including educational laws. Based on this documentation it was possible to compose the chart below.
Laws/Decrees/Resolutions | Date | Location |
---|---|---|
Decreto nº 1 Designa: Regulamento da Escola Normal; | 11.04.1899 | Maranhão |
Decreto nº 6 Designa: Regulamento da Escola Normal; | 07.03.1900 | Maranhão |
Decreto nº 55 Designa: “Estabelece novo Regulamento para as Escolas Normal e Modelo Benedicto Leite, [...] Escolas primarias regidas por normalistas”. | 27.07.1905 | Maranhão |
Decreto nº 3.405 Designa: Approva o programma do ensino primário do Estado. | 15.01.1912 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 4.508 Designa: Approva o programma do ensino primário do Estado. | 19.01.1916 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 4.930 Designa: Approva o programma do ensino primário do Estado | 06.02.1918 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 5.387 Designa: Reorganiza os serviços a cargo do Instituto “João Pinheiro” | 22.07.1920 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 7.970 - A Designa: Approva o Regulamento do Ensino Primario. | 15.10.1927 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 8.094 Designa: Approva os programas do ensino primário. | 22.12.1927 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 8.225 Designa: Approva os programas do ensino normal | 11.02.1928 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto n. 10414 Designa: Aprova Regulamento do Cinema Educativo | 15.07.1932 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 10.821 Designa: Aprova programas do ensino normal. | 29.08.1933 | Minas Gerais |
Decreto nº 11.501 Designa: Approva modificações feitas no decreto nº 10.362, de 31 de maio de 1932. Regulamento a que se refere o Decreto nº 11.501 “DO ENSINO NORMAL - Das escolas normaes”. | 31.08.1934 | Minas Gerais |
Regulamento Provisório Cinema Educativo Designa: Afim de coordenar o trabalho do cinema educativo e estabelecer estreita relação com a Commissão[...] | 20.08.1931 | São Paulo |
Decreto n. 5.828 Designa: "Reorganiza a diretoria geral do ensino”. | 04.02.1933 | São Paulo |
Decreto n. 5.884 Designa: Institue o Código de Educação do Estado de São Paulo. | 21.04.1933 | São Paulo |
Comunicado nº 24 A Diretoria Geral do Ensino Recomenda a todas as autoridades escolares que cumpram e façam cumprir as seguintes instruções que orientam o Serviço de Rádio e Cinema Educativo do Estado de São Paulo. | 08.11.1933 | São Paulo |
Decreto n. 6.425 Designa: Reorganiza a Diretoria Geral do Ensino e da outras providencias | 09.05.1934 | São Paulo |
Decreto n. 9.109 Designa: Converte o cargo de diretor da Secretaria da Diretoria do Ensino no de Secretario | 13.04.1938 | São Paulo |
Decreto n 1.059 Designa: Regulamento Escola Normal | 14.02.1916 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Lei nº 3.231 Designa: Organiza o ensino municipal do Distrito Federal. Parte X - Das Instituições Auxiliares de Ensino | 23.01.1928 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto n 1.059 Designa: Regulamento Escola Normal | 14.02.1916 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Lei nº 3.231 Designa: Organiza o ensino municipal do Distrito Federal. Parte X - Das Instituições Auxiliares de Ensino | 23.01.1928 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto nº 2.940 Designa: Regulamenta a Lei nº 3.231 de 23.01.1928, que organizou o ensino municipal do Distrito Federal. | 22.11.1928 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto nº 3.763 Designa: Modifica algumas disposições do Decreto nº 3.281de 1928. | 01.02.1932 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto 4.387 Designa: Consolida a organização técnica e administrativa do aparelho de direção do sistema educacional, instituindo o Departamento de Educação do Distrito Federal, e da outras providências. | 08.09.1933 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto nº 4688 Designa: Transforma a Divisão de Bibliotecas, Museus e Rádio-Difusão do Departamento de Educação, na Divisão de Biblioteca e Cinema Educativo. | 17.01.1934 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Decreto nº 17 Designa: Organiza as secretarias gerais e da outras providências. | 02.09.1935 | Distrito Federal /RJ |
Resolução nº 326 Designa: creou o Serviço de Educação pelo Rádio e Cinema Escolar | 21.03.1934 | Espírito Santo |
Programma de Ensino das Escolas Primárias Designa: Programa de Ensino das Escolas Primárias, 1930, GO. | 1930 | Goyaz |
Portaria nº 1 Designa: Departamento de Educação resolve que o Programa para o ensino das Escolas Primárias Públicas e Particulares do Estado. Creou o Serviço de Educação pelo Rádio e Cinema Escolar | 13.01.1938 | Sergipe |
Source: Documents referring to the organization of Brazilian schools (In.: Liz Souza, 2016, p. 42).
As can be seen, evidence of the circulation and presence of projectors were found in various clues. Here are some:
a) In Maranhão state, according to Decreto nº 1 de 1899, Regulation of Escola Normal, Título IV - Da Escola Modelo, Art. 76. determined “To present knowledge that is best grasped through visual images, use projections when possible for what cannot be shown in reality, such as aspects of the earth, customs and monuments of people, meteorological phenomenon of the auroras etc."
b) In Minas Gerais the use of fixed images and films are associated to the method of Decroly das Lições da Escola Activa (Decreto nº 8.094, 1927) for teaching classes in Moral Instruction;
c) In Sergipe state, under Portaria Nº 1, the projector appears in the guidelines for geography education, in the observations “It is useful to animate teaching of history, making it essentially intuitive. Visiting places and monuments (taking excursions) would be ideal but is not always possible. Collaboration with cinema would be equally desirable" (p. 26). (Liz Souza, 2016, p. 150)
Data such as these led to the preparation of a summarized table, whose objective is to represent the occurrence and presence of projectors in different places.
FILM PROJECTORS IN BRAZILIAN EDUCATION (1895 - 1935) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Year | Regulation | Educational Program | Normal School | Primary education |
Discipline | Discipline | ||||
MA | 1895 | X | General knowledge/Classes | ||
1900 | X | ||||
1905 | X | ||||
MG21 | 1912 | X | Nature Studies | ||
1916 | X | ||||
1918 | X | ||||
1920 | X | Civic education | |||
History | |||||
Geography | |||||
1927 | X | Lições de coisas | |||
Moral Instruction | |||||
1927 | X | Furniture and Material | |||
1928 | X | Natural Sciences | |||
Geography of Brazil | |||||
MG | 1932 | X | Create an educational cinema service in the state | ||
1933 | X | Biology | |||
1934 | X | Conferences | |||
DF/RJ | 1916 | X | History | ||
1928 | X | School Cinema and Radio | School Cinema and Radio | ||
1928 | X | School Cinema and Radio | School Cinema and Radio | ||
1932 | X | School Cinema and Radio | School Cinema and Radio | ||
1933 | X | Film archives and film school | Film archives and film school | ||
1934 | X | Library and Educational Cinema | Library and Educational Cinema | ||
GO | 1930 | X | History | ||
SP | 1931 | Provisional regulation of educational cinema in the state | |||
1933 | X | Radio and Cinema Service | Radio and Cinema Service | ||
193322 | X | Educational Radio and Cinema Service | Educational Radio and Cinema Service | ||
1934 | X | Educational Cinema | Educational Cinema | ||
1938 | X | Educational Cinema | Educational Cinema | ||
ES | 1934 | Create the Service of Education by Radio and School Cinema | |||
SE | 1938 | X | Geography |
Source: Documents about the organization of education in Brazil (In. Liz Souza, 2016, p. 146).
Even if the Escola Normal of Maranhão was the first where records were found of a film projector among the resources that it should provide, in terms of acquisitions, the first information found refers to the Escola Normal Modelo of Belo Horizonte, in Minas Gerais which bought a film projector in 1920.
Information was also found about the use (not the purchase) of a film projector and a photographic record of the device in the archives of the Escola Normal Caetano de Campos. According to the documents analyzed, it was a device used in experiments conducted in the Laboratório Experimental de Psicologiae Pedagogia23, in operation from 1910 to 1930, which included the Gabinete de Psicologia, and registered the participation of Ugo Pizzoli24, and later of Henri Pierón25.
The government incentives, the industrial expansion and the demands from schools opened spaces in Brazil for large film companies to establish a presence in the country such as Pathé Frères, represented by the Companhia Cinematographica, directed by Serrador whose presence spread throughout the country as can be seen in the Figure below, a reproduction of a page from the Jornal de Recife, edition of 11 June 1914. This is a Brazilian company that represented the Pathé Frères - Companhia Cinematographica Brazileira, founded by Francisco Serrador in 1911. Advertisements from that time affirm that Pathé Frères was capable of "condensing into a few frames the episodes of a historic event and in its minimum details accompany the development of facts within the environment of the period [...]"26. In addition to Pathé Frères other foreign establishments were present in Brazil in the first third of the twentieth century. The information located was systematized in the Chart below.
Foreign Cinema companies in Brazil - 1910 to 1930 | ||
---|---|---|
Date | Company | Source |
26/09/1920 | Sociedade Anonyma Fox Film do Brasil | D.O.U 26.09.1920 seção 1 p.41-44 |
21/12/1923 | Societé Franco-Brésilienne du Pathe-Baby | D.O.U 21.12.1923 seção 1 p. 151 Decreto nº 16.218, de 28 de Novembro de 1923 |
30/10/1920 | Sociedade Anonyma Kodak Brazileira Ltda | D.O.U 30.10.1920 seção 1 p. 44 Decreto nº 14.399, de 11.10.1920; |
09/11/1923 | Sociedade Anonyma Casa Lohner Siemens-ReinigerooWerke A. G. - Berlim | D.O.U 09.11.1923 seção 1 p. 77 |
23/09/1924 | Sociedade Anonyma Brasileira Estabelecimentos Mestre e Blatgé - MESBLA | D.O.U 23.08.1924 seção 1 p. 73 - 78 |
Source: Data from the Diários Oficial da União (Organized by Luani Liz Souza, 2016, p. 143)
This information helps locate the vestiges of the presence of projectors in schools. By following this path, among other data, the work was found of Jonathas Serrano27 in the Colégio Pedro II related to the use of projections, from 1913 to 1925, and the work with pedagogical films by Venerando da Graça and Fábio Luz28 in 1916, both of whom were members of the school inspection service of the Federal District-Rio de Janeiro. These data indicate the circulation of projectors in some schools. In search of information about this presence, newspapers available in digital form at the Hemeroteca da Biblioteca Nacional were consulted, which led to the "map" below.
Some Considerations
The examination presented here accompanies the reflection of Ana Waleska P. C. Mendonça (2013), who advocates the study of circulation of models and objects on different frontiers, without correlation to a dominant perspective. This form of analysis allows considering materiality in a way that is not subordinated to a direct correlation of influence, cultural transplant of hybridism. Thus, the scholastic or cultural object may be present in different moments and in schools operated according to different pedagogical and administrative procedures and temporalities.
It also serves as a guide to understanding schools as organizations in industrial society that occur within a world-system. As John Meyer (2000) affirms in A Difusão Mundial da Escola [World Expansion of Mass Education” 1992], school institutions and scholastic practices reveal that education is a “globally standardized formality” anchored in global practices of interventions, which has norms for “globally” common devices.
The data found allowed mapping different cinema companies, with an emphasis on those that operated in Brazil. From the sketches traced from the World’s Fairs we reached other such as the Exposições de Cinematographia Educativa held in the Federal District (then in Rio de Janeiro) and in São Paulo from 1929 to 1931, which offered fundamental elements for the understanding of the circulation of film projectors in Brazil.
Even if the presence of this device is not numerically significant in relation to the universe of Brazilian schools, there is sufficient data that indicates its existence in various parts of the country as can be seen in the table. This chart quantifies data about the late 1930s, which was already a “product” of the work of the National Institute of Educational Cinema and of the “enthusiastic” action of Roquette Pinto.
It is worth recalling that despite the performance of the film industry and the aggressive propaganda supporting its use in schools, there was also resistance by some sectors with concerns about the contents that films would promote and over which teachers could “lose control”. Jonathas Serrano and Francisco Venâncio Filho (1930), for example, found that at the III Congrés International D’Education Familiale - Après L’Age D’École, professor Marie Bertinot, President of the Jardim de Infância da União Familiar de Paris, affirmed that films presented in schools were provocative and inappropriate.
From an object of desire and icon of modernity, the film projector became a disposable good, an ingenious form in the consumption industry, and became part of “batches” of abandoned modern products as described by Martin Lawn and Escolano Benito in a series of studies about aspects of material school culture. Curiously, the Brazilian case reveals that this device survived longer in other spaces than in school archives. In her study, Luani de Liz Souza presents a set of important data about the presence of the vestiges of this artefact in other archives. According to Souza, the "Museu de Arte Moderna - MAM Rio de Janeiro, held part of the film archives produced by the National Institute of Educational Cinema. The Centro Técnico Audiovisual - Rio de Janeiro, has the book Tombo do Instituto Nacional do Cinema Educativo and part of the film archives.
Another institution that has registers and documents about educational cinema is the Cinemateca - São Paulo and in digital format there is the Banco de Conteúdos Culturais, which is the fruit of an initiative of the Ministry of Culture in conjunction with the Ministry of Science and Technology, realized by the Cinemateca Brasileira in partnership with the Centro Técnico Audiovisual. This inter-ministerial agreement allowed the unprecedented use, by institutions linked to Culture, of the infrastructure of the National Education and Research Network [Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa]29. The Fundação Nacional das Artes - Funarte/Rio de Janeiro has an archive and a complete list of films produced by the Instituto Nacional de Cinema Educativo, as well as a few guides for teachers that inrdouce concepts about art and the use of cinema, which were published by the Instituto Nacional de Cinema Educativo. At the Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV it was possible to locate a vast number of documents about educational cinema in Brazil. The documents are linked to various archives related to intellectuals concerned with education and politics in the period of analysis of this study. (Liz Souza, 2016, notas 19 a 22, p. 39)
Finally, it is understood that the narrative of the school and of part of its contents is guided by interests that are articulated between the state (or states), corporations and their allies and spokespersons who defended the need to "industrialize teachers".
REFERENCES
ALMEIDA, Avelino de. “Do cinema educativo. No Brasil também há alguma coisa” Revista Cinéfilo, Lisboa, 26.03.1932. (Texto cedido pela Professora Selda Vale da Costa - UFAM). [ Links ]
AUGRAS, M. In memoriam. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica. Disponível em: https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/abpt/article/download/15084/13976. Simpósio Internacional em homenagem a Henri Piéron (1881-1964) quinquagésimo aniversário da sua morte, 2014. Disponível em: https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/504/files/ 2014/05/COLLOQUE-PIERON-Version-en-Portugais.pdf. Acesso em 28 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
BOTELHO, André. Um antropólogo sem qualidades. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. Vol. 24, Nº 70, São Paulo, 2009. [p.172-175]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69092009000200012. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Atlas do Brazil (pub.1923) pelo Barão Homem de Mello e pelo Dr. Francisco Homem de Mello. Disponível:<https://ihgb.org.br>. Acesso em: 27 de jul. 2017. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Decreto nº 1606, de 29 de dezembro de 1906 - Criava o Ministério dos Negócios da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Decreto nº 7.501 de 12 de agosto de 1909. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Decreto nº 7.862, de 9 de fevereiro de 1910. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Decreto Nº 9.211, de 15 de dezembro de 1911. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Diário Oficial da União de 13.09.1916. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Diário Oficial da União de 20.12.1929. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Diário Oficial da União de 31.10.1916. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Lei nº 359 de 31 de dezembro de 1895. [ Links ]
BRASIL, Relatório do Ministério dos Negócios da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio (1912-1913). Disponível em: <http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/hartness/index.html>. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
BRUZZO, Cristina. Filme "Ensinante": o interesse pelo cinema educativo no Brasil. Pro-Posições, v. 15, n. I (43) - jan./abr. 2004. Disponível em: https://www.fe.unicamp.br/pf-fe/43-artigos-bruzzoc.pdf. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Cartaz de divulgação do Globo Celeste da Exposição Universal de 1900 - Paris. Biblioteque Numérique Gallica - Grand globe céleste. Exposition Universelle de 1900 / [affiche]/ [non identifié].1900.) Disponível em: http://www.gallica.bnf.fr. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017 [ Links ]
CENTOFANTI, R. Os laboratórios de psicologia nas escolas normais de São Paulo: o despertar da psicometria. Revista Psicologia da Educação, São Paulo, 22, 1º sem. de 2006. [pp. 31-52]. Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche. Disponível em: <http://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag=prodpersona&Chiave=58630>; [ Links ]
Cinema-scolaire-électric (Georges Mendel). Disponível em: http://cinematographes.free.fr/mendel.html. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
CONDÉ, William N. Marc Ferrez & Filhos: Comércio, distribuição e exibição nos primórdios do cinema brasileiro (1905-1912). Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação (Dissertação). Rio de Janeiro, 2012. [ Links ]
Des trottoirs roulants, préfiguraient, croyait-on, la ville de l'avenir. Disponível em: http://www.parisenimages.fr/fr. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Écran Projeção Irmãos Lumière. Exposição Universal 1900. Disponível em: <https://www.worldexpositions.info/geschichte.html>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
FOSTER, Lila. Apontamentos para um estudo sobre a Pathé-Baby no Brasil. XVIII SOCINE - O novíssimo cinema Latino-americano. Fortaleza, 2014. [ Links ]
FRANÇA. Catalogue Le Cinéma Électric Georges Mendel 1901 - 1910. Disponível em: http://cinematographes.free.fr/mendel.html. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
FRANÇA. L’Illustration Française de 1855. In: PESAVENTO, Sandra Jatahy. Exposições Universais: Espetáculos da Modernidade do Século XIX. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1997. [ Links ]
FRANÇA. Patente FR 444119, de 22 de maio de 1912. Disponível em: http://cinematographes.free.fr/doyen-444119.html. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
GASPAR da SILVA, Vera Lucia; SOUZA, Gizele de. Objetos de utilidade prática para o Ensino Elementar: Museus Pedagógicos e Escolares em debate. In: IV Seminário Internacional de Cultura Material e Patrimônio de Ciência e Tecnologia, 2016, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do IV Seminário Internacional de Cultura Material e Patrimônio de Ciência e Tecnologia. Rio de Janeiro: Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins, 2016. p. 259-278. Disponível em: http://site.mast.br/hotsite_anais_ivspct_2/pdf_02/16%20%2011%20Trabalho%20VeraGaspar%20e%20GizeleSouza.pdf. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
III Congrès International D’Éducation Familiale. Expo 1910. Página (particular belga) sem fins lucrativos, que disponibiliza parte de um acervo pessoal. Disponível em: http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=collectpc;id=13;url=http%3A%2F%2Fusers%2Etelenet%2Ebe%2Fexpo1910%2F. Acesso em: 28 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Inventores - Louis e Auguste Lumière e cinematógrafo. Disponível em: <http://www.institut-lumiere.org/patrimoine_index.html>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. 2017. [ Links ]
Jornal do Recife. 11 de jun de 1914. Edição 00157. Disponível em: <http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Kinetoscópio de Edison. Disponível em: <https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/about-this-collection/>. Acesso em: 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
“La tour Eiffel" Neurdein frères. Disponível em: <http://expositions.bnf.fr/universelles/bande/index5.htm>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Laboratório Experimental de Psicologia - Escola Caetano de Campos. Documentário da Drª Maria Antonieta Martinez Antonacci (Historiadora). Disponível em: <http://www.caetanodecampos.com.br/buscar/208/a-escola-e-seus-equipamentos-no-laboratorio-de-psicologia>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. 2017. [ Links ]
LIZ SOUZA, Luani (2016). O cinematógrafo entre os olhos de Hórus e Medusa: Uma memorabilia da educação escolar brasileira (1910 - 1960). Tese. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - PPGE/UDESC. [ Links ]
Manetti, Daniela. Un'arma poderosissima. Industria cinematografica e Stato durante il fascismo (1922 - 1943). Milano, Editora Franco Angeli, 2012. [ Links ]
MARANHÃO, Decreto nº 1 de 1899, Regulamento da Escola Normal do Maranhão. [ Links ]
MEDA, Juri. A “história material da escola” como fator de desenvolvimento da pesquisa histórico-educativa na Itália. Revista Linhas. Florianópolis, v. 16, n. 30, p. 07 - 28, jan./abr. 2015. Título original: La «historia material de la escuela» como factor de desarrollo de la investigación histórico-educativa en Italia. Traduzido por Ademilde S. Sartori, com revisão técnica de Gizele de Souza e Vera Lúcia Gaspar da Silva. [ Links ]
MENDONÇA, Ana Waleska Pollo Campos. A emergência do Ensino Secundário Público no Brasil e em Portugal: Uma “História Conectada”. Revista Contemporânea de Educação. Vol. 8, n. 15, janeiro/julho de 2013. [ Links ]
MEYER, John W. Globalização e Currículo: Problemas para a Teoria em Sociologia da Educação. In: NÓVOA, António; SCHRIEWER, Jürgen (eds.). A Difusão Mundial da Escola. Lisboa: Educa, 2000. [ Links ]
MONARCA, Carlos. A Semiologia do escolar construída pelo Dr. Ugo Pizzoli (Itália-Brasil). In: VI Congresso Brasileiro de História da Educação. Invenções, Tradições e Escritas da História da Educação no Brasil. Vitória, UFES, 2011. [ Links ]
MONTEIRO, Ana Nicolaça. “O cinema educativo como inovação pedagógica na escola primária paulista (1933 - 1944)”, Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) - Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006. [ Links ]
O cinematographo nas escolas. Semanário Fon Fon - Edição 0015/ Abril de 1912. Disponível em: <http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/>. Acesso em 25 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Pathé - cinema educador. Jornal do Recife. 11 de jun de 1914. Edição 00157. Disponível em: <http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
Pathé "uma instituição carioca". Semanário Fon Fon Edição 0039 (1910). Disponível em: <http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/>. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017. [ Links ]
PESAVENTO, Sandra Jatahy. Exposições Universais: Espetáculos da Modernidade do Século XIX. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1997. [ Links ]
Poster for the Cineorama and Raoul Grimoin-Sanson: Cineorama 1900. Disponível em: <https://mediartinnovation.com/2014/06/23/raoul-grmoin-sanson-cineorama-1900/>. Acesso em: 25 de jul. 2017. [ Links ]
ROSA, Cristina Souza da. Para além das fronteiras nacionais: Um estudo comparado entre os Institutos de Cinema Educativo do Estado Novo e do Fascismo (1925-1945). Niterói: Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Universidade Federal Fluminense, (Tese de Doutorado), 2008. [ Links ]
SÃO PAULO, Circular de Comunicação Nº 24, publicado no Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, em 08 de novembro de 1933. [ Links ]
SERRANO, Jonathas e Venâncio Filho. Cinema e educação. São Paulo, Melhoramentos, 1930. [ Links ]
VALDEMARIN, Vera T. História dos métodos e materiais de ensino: a escola nova e seus modos de uso. São Paulo: Cortez, 2010. [ Links ]
VIDAL, Diana Gonçalves; GASPAR da SILVA, Vera Lucia. Por uma história sensorial da escola e da escolarização. Revista Linhas, Florianópolis, v. 11, n. 2, jul./dez. 2010, p. 29-45. Disponível em: http://www.revistas.udesc.br/index.php/linhas/article/view/2127. Acesso em: 17 jun. 2017. [ Links ]
VILLELA, Heloísa. Da palmatória à lanterna mágica: a Escola Normal da Província do Rio de Janeiro entre o artesanato e a formação profissional (1868-1876). Tese defendida em 2002, Universidade de São Paulo. [ Links ]
1The expression "industrialize teachers" appears in a text signed by Avelino de Almeida entitled “Do cinema educativo. No Brasil também há alguma coisa...” published in Lisbon in the Revista Cinéfilo, edition of 26.03.1932. According to the author, it was necessary to “industrialize” teachers (which in Portuguese can mean to teach and induce) about better types of devices. We would like to thank Professor Selda Vale da Costa, of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, who graciously offered us a copy of this text.
3We make use here of the group of documents organized by Luani de Liz Souza for the thesis "O cinematógrafo entre os olhos de Hórus e Medusa: Uma memorabilia da educação escolar brasileira (1910 - 1960)", defended in the Graduate Program in Education at the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - PPGE/UDESC, as well as those located by Vera Gaspar in activities related to the research project "Objetos em Viagem" (CNPq/UDESC/FAPESC/CAPES) which consulted the archives of CEINCE, Spain, in the Museu Pedagógico José Pedro Varela; and the Biblioteca Pedagógica Central Mtro. Sebastián Morey Otero, in Uruguay; the Acervo Paulo Bourroul at the library of FEUSP; and the archives of the Biblioteca del Maestro em Buenos Aires, Argentina. The selection of sources thus combines documents from government institutions, physical and digital, and educational and cultural sources in Brazil, newspaper archives, inventories/catalogs of companies, Diários Oficiais da União and of Brazilian states, personal archives of Brazilian intellectuals related to education, as well as international institutions.
4The patent for the first magic lantern was issued to the German Jesuít Athanasio Kircher, in 1640, although there are contestations, which affirm that French Jesuit Milliet de Charles had invented it earlier in the seventeenth century. (Liz Souza, 2016, p. 49 - note 29).
7According to Liz Souza (2016, p. 62), in terms of market relations cinematographic capital was developed through a consortium of factories and companies in the electrical, chemical, medical and weapons sectors. The film projector of the Brothers Lumière would be linked to this group through companies in the chemical sector. The manufacturer of photographic films belonged to the Fábrica/Sociedade Lumière, based in Lyon, owned by Antoine Lumière (father of Auguste and Louis). "The brothers Lumière, accompanied and kept close tabs on the technical development of projection equipment and through the film company maintained a relationship with Thomas Alva Edison. The patent that they later registered was contested by Edison, who accused them of only improving the Kinescope that he had produced.” (…) “The difference that marks the two artefacts is the fact that Edison’s invention could only be viewed by one person, while that of the brothers Lumière, at the first exhibition in the 1900 World’s Fair, reached a public of 25,000 spectators.
12Available at: https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/ about-this-collection/. Accessed: 25 July 2017.
13Available at: https://mediartinnovation.com/2014/06/23/raoul-grmoin-sanson-cineorama-1900/. Accessed: 25 July 2017.
17Other information pertinent to the documentary that has the film clips exhibited can be accessed at the website of FIOCRUZ - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.
18Since 1906, by means of Decreto nº 1606 of 29 December 1906, which created the Ministry of Agribusiness, Industry and Commerce, the Museu Nacional was established under jurisdiction of this ministry. By Decreto nº 7.501 of 12 de agosto de 1909, it was linked to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.
19According to Decreto nº 7.862, of 9 de fevereiro de 1910, and Decreto Nº 9.211, of 15 de dezembro de 1911, which regulated the operation of the Museu Nacional.
20According to Jonathas Serrano and Venâncio Filho (1930) the De Vry and Pathé companies called their educational film collections lições de coisas.
21In Minas Gerais state there is a relevant fact to be highlighted: educational programs and regulations mention magic lanterns and cinematographic films. It is thus necessary to recall the work conducted by Heloísa Villela, “Da palmatória à lanterna mágica: a Escola Normal da Província do Rio de Janeiro entre o artesanato e a formação profissional (1868-1876)”, a thesis defended in 2002, at the Universidade de São Paulo.
22Circular de Comunicação Nº 24, published in the Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, em 08 de novembro de 1933, enact the creation of the service of Educational Cinema in São Paulo. The General Directory of Education - Recommend that all school authorities comply with and enforce compliance with the following instructions that guide the Service of Educational Radio and Cinema in São Paulo state. “Art. 1º - The purpose of Educational Radio and Cinema Service is to place within the reach of schools the conquests of modern technology in the field of cinematography and radio.” About educational cinema in São Paulo state, it is worth citing the Dissertação of Ana Nicolaça Monteiro “O cinema educativo como inovação pedagógica na escola primária paulista (1933 - 1944)”, defended in 2006, at the Universidade de São Paulo.
23Documentary by Drª Maria Antonieta Martinez Antonacci (historian). Available at: http://www.caetanodecampos.com.br/buscar/208/a-escola-e-seus-equipamentos-no-laboratorio-de-psicologia. Accessed on: 26 July 2017.
24Related to scientific pedagogy, Ugo Pizzoli, an Italian doctor, pedagogue and psychologist, (1863 - 1934), scholar of didactic and scholastic issues, according to Monarca (2011). See: MONARCA, C. A Semiologia do escolar construída pelo Dr. Ugo Pizzoli (Itália-Brasil). In: VI Congresso Brasileiro de História da Educação. Invenções, Tradições e Escritas da História da Educação no Brasil. Vitória, UFES, 2011. CENTOFANTI, R. Os laboratórios de psicologia nas escolas normais de São Paulo: o despertar da psicometria. In: Revista Psicologia da Educação, São Paulo, 22, 1º sem. de 2006. [pp. 31-52]. Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche. Available at: http://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag=prodpersona& Chiave=58630; Archivio storico della psicologia italiana - Available at: http://www.aspi.unimib.it/ collections/entity/detail/129/. Accessed on: 27 July 2017.
25Henri Louis Charles Piéron (1881- 1964), born in Paris, psychologist and philosopher. Escola Normal de São Paulo taught experimental psychology and psychometry. The lectures from his class were published in Psychologia e Psychotechnica by the Laboratório de Psicologia Experimental dessa escola. See: AUGRAS, M. In memoriam. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica. Available at: http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/abpt/article/download/15084/13976. Accessed 28 July 2017.
26Source: Jornal do Recife. 11 de jun de 1914. Edição 00157. Available at: http://bndigital.bn.gov.br/hemeroteca-digital/. Acesso em: 26 de jul. de 2017.
27In the book Cinema e Educação (1930) Jonathas Serrano mentions his work with the use of projections at the Colégio Pedro II and in the Escola Normal do Rio de Janeiro. He indicates that in two compendiums he wrote he addresses the use of projection in history classes. The compendiums in which the use of projectors in history classes are mentioned are: Epitome de História Universal‖ (1913) and Methodologia da História na Aula Primária‖ (1917).
28In 1916, in the Diário Oficial da União of 13.09.1916 and 31.10.1916, Sr. Venerando da Graça presents to the Diretoria Geral da Indústria e Commercio the invention of pedagogical films - a new system of teaching, composed of figurative and picturesque enigmas, with advertising and complaints related to sketches, photographs, designs and landscapes, applied in film or cinematographic films, denominated - Fita pedagógica, by Arthur Pythagoras Toval Conrado and José Venerando da Graça Sobrinho‖ (D.O.U 13.09.1916 p.12); (D.O.U 31.10.1916).
Received: July 23, 2020; Accepted: November 24, 2020