<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0102-5473</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Perspectiva]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Perspectiva]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0102-5473</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0102-54732010000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Negando igualdade de oportunidades educacionais: foco no monitoramento de habilidades na Educação Especial]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Denying equal educational opportunity: a focus on ability tracking and special education]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Negando la igualdad de oportunidades en la educación: foco en el monitoramiento de habilidades en la educación especial]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Warren C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Florida A&M University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>EUA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>01</numero>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>115</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0102-54732010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0102-54732010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0102-54732010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Nos Estados Unidos, os afro americanos viveram com a desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais desde que se tornaram cidadãos. O acesso à educação de qualidade foi negado pela segregação, e eles perseveraram até que houvesse um recurso legal. Hoje em dia, contudo, certas práticas educacionais enfraquecem o acesso das crianças afro americanas à igualdade de oportunidades educacionais, adquirida no caso Brown versus the Board of Education. O monitoramento de habilidades, uma prática há muito tempo presente nas escolas públicas estadunidenses, e a Educação Especial, um produto da legislação federal, estão se mostrando adversárias da igualdade de oportunidades educacionais. Ambas são grandes redes arrastando um enorme número de crianças afroamericanas e diminuindo suas oportunidades de resultados educacionais iguais. As experiências educacionais de estudantes afro americanos disponíveis através destas práticas levantam as seguintes questões: primeiramente, se a discriminação retornou à educação; e se as crianças afro americanas estão recebendo uma educação de menor qualidade em comparação com seus colegas brancos. O monitoramento de habilidades e a Educação Especial promovem a rotulagem e proporcionam um aprendizado menos rigoroso; conseqüentemente, as oportunidades futuras dos estudantes afroamericanos estão ameaçadas em função de seu encarceramento nestas experiências escolares.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[African Americans in the United States have lived with unequal educational opportunity for as long as they have been citizens. Denied access to quality education by segregation, they persevered until there was a legal remedy. Today, however, certain educational practices undermine African American children’s access to equal educational opportunity that was acquired in Brown versus Board of Education. Ability Tracking, a longstanding practice in America’s public schools and Special Education, a product of federal legislation are proving to be adversaries of equal education opportunity. Both are dragnets sweeping up huge numbers of African American children and diminishing their opportunity for equal educational outcomes. African American students’ educational experiences available through these practices raise the questions of has discrimination returned to education and are African American children receiving a lesser quality of education in comparison to their White peers. Ability Tracking and Special Education foster labeling and provide less rigorous learning; hence African American students’ future opportunities are threatened because of their entrapment in these schooling experiences.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En los Estados Unidos los afro-americanos vivieron con la desigualdad de oportunidades educacionales desde que se tornaron ciudadanos. El acceso a la educación de cualidad fue negada por la segregación y ellos perseveraron hasta que hubiese un recurso legal. A pesar de todo, en la actualidad, todavía existen ciertas prácticas que enfranquecen el acceso de los niños y niñas afro-americanas a la igualdad de oportunidad educacional, adquirida en el caso Brown versus the Board of Education. El monitoramiento de las habilidades, una práctica que está presente desde hace mucho tiempo en las escuelas públicas norte americanas, y en la educación especial, un producto de la legislación federal, están mostrándose adversarias de la igualdad de oportunidad educacional. Ambas son grandes redes que someten un enorme número de niños y niñas afro-americanas disminuyendo sus oportunidades de igualdad en los resultados educacionales. Las experiencias educacionales de los estudiantes afro-americanos disponibles a través de estas prácticas levantan las siguientes cuestiones; primeramente, si la discriminación retornó a la educación y, si los niños y niñas afro-americanas están recibiendo una educación de menor cualidad en comparación con sus colegas blancos. El monitoramiento de las habilidades y al educación especial promueve rótulos y proporcionan un aprendizaje menos riguroso, como consecuencia, las oportunidades futuras de los estudiantes afro-americanos está amenazada en función de los estrictos límites que esta experiencia educacional les proporciona.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Segregação na Educação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Discriminação Racial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Discriminação na Educação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Educação Especial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational Segregation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Racial Discrimination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational Discrimination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Special education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Segregación en la Educación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Discriminación Racial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Educación Especial]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <h2>Negando igualdade de  oportunidades educacionais: foco no monitoramento de habilidades na Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o Especial.</h2> <h3>Denying equal educational opportunity: a focus on ability tracking and  special education.</h3> <h3>Negando la igualdad de oportunidades en la educaci&oacute;n: foco en el monitoramiento  de habilidades en la educaci&oacute;n especial.</h3>     <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Warren C. Hope    <br> </h4> </font>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AKOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Early adolescents’ aspirations and academic tracking: an exploratory investigation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Professional School Counseling]]></source>
<year>oct.</year>
<month> 2</month>
<day>00</day>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>57-64</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Birmingham ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ARTILES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TRENT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Overrepresentation of minority students in special education: a continuing debate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Special Education]]></source>
<year>dec.</year>
<month>/f</month>
<day>eb</day>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>410-437</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLANCHETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A retrospective examination of urban education: from Brown to resegregation of African Americans in special education: it is time to “go for broke”]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Education]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>370-388</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLANCHETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Disproportionate representation of African American students in special education: acknowledging the role of white privilege and Racism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational Researcher]]></source>
<year>aug.</year>
<month>/s</month>
<day>ep</day>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>24-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLANCHETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MUMFORD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BEACHUM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Urban school failure and disproportionality in benign neglect of the constitutional rights of students of color]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remedial and Special Education]]></source>
<year>mar.</year>
<month>/a</month>
<day>pr</day>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>70-81</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRADDOCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DAWKINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ability grouping, aspirations and attainments: evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Negro Education]]></source>
<year>jun.</year>
<month>/a</month>
<day>ug</day>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>324-336</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BROWN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUNTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Politics and school desegregation before and after parents involved]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Education and Urban Society]]></source>
<year>jul.</year>
<month> 2</month>
<day>00</day>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>595-617</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARBANON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GAMORAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The production of achievement inequality in high school English]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Educational Research Journal]]></source>
<year>dec.</year>
<month>/f</month>
<day>eb</day>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>801-827</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Revitalizing urban schools: A new kind of teacher required]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ASCD Update]]></source>
<year>feb.</year>
<month> 1</month>
<day>99</day>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>2</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Alexandria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Equity and empathy: toward racial and educational achievement in the Obama era]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Educational Review]]></source>
<year>jun/</year>
<month>au</month>
<day>g.</day>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>287-297</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CHAMBERLAIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intervention in School and Clinic]]></source>
<year>nov.</year>
<month> 2</month>
<day>00</day>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>110-113</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CONNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRI]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tools of exclusion: race, disability, and (re)segregated education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Teachers College Record]]></source>
<year>mar.</year>
<month> 2</month>
<day>00</day>
<volume>107</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>453-474</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DAVIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Something every teacher and counselor needs to know about African American children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Multicultural Education]]></source>
<year>mar.</year>
<month>/m</month>
<day>ay</day>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>30-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Francisco ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FARKAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Racial disparities and discrimination in education: what do we know, how do we know it, and what do we need to know?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Teachers College Record]]></source>
<year>aug.</year>
<month> 2</month>
<day>00</day>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1119-1146</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
