<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1981-5271</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bras. Educ. Med.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1981-5271</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1981-52712019000400092</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1981-52712015v43n4rb20180184ingles</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Retrieval-Based Learning in Neuroanatomy Classes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Ensino Baseado na Evocação do Conhecimento em Aulas de Neuroanatomia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lia Lira Olivier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randal Pompeu]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viana Júnior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antônio Brazil]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peixoto Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arnaldo Aires]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kubrusly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leitão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antônio Miguel Furtado]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Universitário Christus  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Fortaleza Ceará]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Ceará  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Fortaleza Ceará]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>92</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1981-52712019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1981-52712019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1981-52712019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Medical schools are continuously challenged to develop teaching modalities that improve understanding and retention of anatomical knowledge. Traditionally, learning has been regarded as the encoding of new knowledge, whereas retrieval has been considered a means for assessing learning. A solid body of research demonstrates that retrieval practice is a way to promote learning that is robust, durable, and transferable to new contexts. It involves having learners set aside the material they are learning and practice actively reconstructing it on their own. A general challenge is to develop ways to implement retrieval-based learning in educational settings. We developed a pedagogical approach that implements retrieval-based learning in practical neuroanatomy classes, which differs from usual neuroanatomy teaching in that it actively engages students through active learning. It requires students to retrieve anatomical knowledge in oral and written form, as well as to identify structures in cadaveric material. Practical anatomy classes have traditionally relied on students&#8217; passive exposure to cadaveric material, with the lecturer pointing to and naming anatomical structures. Since August 2014, we have been applying retrieval practice in neuroanatomy classes. A total of 720 students were included in the study. Student performance one week after the practical lesson was higher in the traditional method group than in the retrieval-based learning group (p &lt; 0.0001, effect size = 0.60). Four weeks after the intervention, however, the performance of students who learned using a retrieval-based approach was higher than that of students passively exposed to the learning material (p &lt; 0.0001, effect size = 0.75). Taken together, our results suggest that retrieval-based learning has a greater effect on long-term retention. Retrieval-based learning is easy to apply and cost-effective. It can be implemented in nearly any educational setting. We hope that our report may inspire educators to adopt retrieval practice approaches and seek ways to apply methods from learning research in actual classrooms.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO As faculdades de Medicina são continuamente desafiadas a desenvolver modalidades de ensino que melhorem a compreensão e a retenção do conhecimento anatômico. Tradicionalmente, a aprendizagem tem sido considerada como a codificação de novos conhecimentos, enquanto a evocação tem sido considerada apenas um meio para avaliar a aprendizagem. Pesquisas demonstram que a prática da evocação do conhecimento é uma maneira de promover um aprendizado robusto, durável e transferível para novos contextos. Isso implica que os alunos deixem de lado o material que estão aprendendo e pratiquem ativamente reconstruí-lo por conta própria. Um desafio geral é desenvolver maneiras de implementar a aprendizagem baseada em evocação em ambientes educacionais. Desenvolvemos uma abordagem pedagógica que implementa a aprendizagem baseada em evocação em aulas práticas de neuroanatomia, que difere do ensino usual de neuroanatomia, na medida em que envolve ativamente os alunos na aprendizagem. Requer que os estudantes recuperem conhecimentos anatômicos em forma oral e escrita, bem como identifiquem estruturas em material cadavérico. As aulas práticas de anatomia tradicionalmente se baseiam na exposição passiva dos estudantes ao material de cadáveres, com o professor apontando e nomeando estruturas anatômicas. Desde agosto de 2014, aplicamos a prática da evocação em aulas de neuroanatomia. Um total de 720 alunos foi incluído no estudo. O desempenho dos alunos uma semana após a aula prática foi melhor no grupo submetido ao método de ensino tradicional do que no grupo de aprendizagem baseada em evocação (p &lt; 0,0001, tamanho do efeito = 0,60). Quatro semanas após a intervenção, no entanto, o desempenho dos alunos que aprenderam usando uma abordagem baseada na evocação foi melhor do que o dos estudantes passivamente expostos ao material de aprendizagem (p &lt; 0,0001, tamanho do efeito = 0,75). Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que o aprendizado baseado em evocação tem um efeito maior na retenção a longo prazo. A aprendizagem baseada em evocação é fácil de aplicar e econômica. Pode ser implementada em praticamente qualquer ambiente educacional. Esperamos que nosso relato possa inspirar os educadores a adotarem abordagens de práticas de aprendizagem por evocação e a buscarem maneiras de aplicar métodos de ensino e aprendizagem derivados da pesquisa sobre educação em salas de aula reais.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anatomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neuroanatomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Active learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Medical education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Anatomia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Neuroanatomia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Metodologias ativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Aprendizagem]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Educação médica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kennedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using case studies as a semester-long tool to teach neuroanatomy and structure-function relationships to undergraduates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Undergrad Neurosci Educ]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>A18-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flexner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical Education in the United States and Canada Bulletin Number Four (The Flexner Report)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Carnegie Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1910</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ludmerer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical Education American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>13355:1339-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anatomy in a modern medical curriculum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann R Coll Surg Engl]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>104-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prince]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ a H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drukker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Vleuten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CPM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherpbier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJJA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How much anatomy is enough?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>184-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sugand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abrahams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khurana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The anatomy of anatomy: a review for its modernization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>83-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunlosky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimizing schedules of retrieval practice for durable and efficient learning: How much is enough?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Gen]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>140</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>283-302</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pashler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of retrieval on retention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mem Cognit]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>633-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM-H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Critchley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LAH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JYC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PKY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Au]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introducing Final-Year Medical Students to Pocket-Sized Ultrasound Imaging: Teaching Transthoracic Echocardiography on a 2-Week Anesthesia Rotation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Teach Learn Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>307-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roediger III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Research Report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Sci]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>240-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JCK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDermott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roediger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retrieval-induced facilitation: Initially nontested material can benefit from prior testing of related material]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Gen]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>553-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blunt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retrieval-based learning: The need for guided retrieval in elementary school children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Res Mem Cogn]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>198-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunlosky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willingham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Improving students&#8217; learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Sci Public Interes]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1^sSuppl</numero>
<issue>1^sSuppl</issue>
<supplement>Suppl</supplement>
<page-range>4-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SWH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observing the testing effect using Coursera video-recorded lectures: A preliminary study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Psychol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retrieval-Based Learning. An Episodic Context Account]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>237-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing Enhances the Transfer of Learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Dir Psychol Sci]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>279-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retrieval-Based Learning: Active Retrieval Promotes Meaningful Learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Dir Psychol Sci]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>157-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fritz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Gen]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>141</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>2-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willingham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ask the Cognitive Scientist: What Will Improve a Student&#8217;s Memory?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Educ]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>17-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SWH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GQH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Learning psychological research and statistical concepts using retrieval-based practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Psychol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>5-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linderholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distributed retrieval practice promotes superior recall of anatomy information]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Sci Educ]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>339-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roediger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests imporves long-term retention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Sci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>249-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauernschmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spaced retrieval: Absolute spacing enhances learning regardless of relative spacing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1250-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeLosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of the testing and spacing effects to name learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Cogn Psychol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>619-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soderstrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Learning Versus Performance: An Integrative Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspect Psychol Sci]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>176-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karpicke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Metacognitive Control and Strategy Selection: Deciding to Practice Retrieval During Learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Gen]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gernsbacher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pomerantz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>56-64</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Worth Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Semantic Information Activated During Retrieval Contributes to Later Retention: Support for the Mediator Effectiveness Hypothesis of the Testing Effect]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1547-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A distributed representation of temporal context]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Math Psychol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>269-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malmberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A buffer model of memory encoding and temporal correlations in retrieval]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Rev]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>155-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
