<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0100-3143</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Educação e Realidade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Educ. Real.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0100-3143</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Educação]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0100-31432017000300841</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2175-623664816</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Quantitative Methods in Comparative Education and Other Disciplines: are they valid?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Métodos Quantitativos na Educação Comparada e em Outros Cursos: são válidos?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klees]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Maryland  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[College Park MD]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>841</fpage>
<lpage>858</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract1:  Comparison is the essence of science and the field of comparative and international education, like many of the social sciences, has been dominated by quantitative methodological approaches. This paper raises fundamental questions about the utility of regression analysis for causal inference. It examines three extensive literatures of applied regression analysis concerned with education policies. The paper concludes that the conditions necessary for regression analysis to yield valid causal inferences are so far from ever being met or approximated that such inferences are never valid. Alternative research methodologies are then briefly discussed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Resumo13:  A compara&#231;&#227;o &#233; a ess&#234;ncia da ci&#234;ncia e o campo da educa&#231;&#227;o comparada e internacional, como muitas ci&#234;ncias sociais, encontra-se dominado por abordagens metodol&#243;gicas quantitativas. Este artigo levanta quest&#245;es fundamentais a respeito da utilidade da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para infer&#234;ncias causais. Examina tr&#234;s obras extensas de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o aplicada referentes a pol&#237;ticas educacionais. O artigo conclui que o alcance ou at&#233; mesmo a proximidade das condi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para que a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o produza infer&#234;ncias causais v&#225;lidas est&#225; mais distante do que nunca, de modo que estas infer&#234;ncias nunca s&#227;o v&#225;lidas. As metodologias de pesquisa alternativas s&#227;o ent&#227;o brevemente discutidas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Comparative Education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Research Methods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Regression Analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Causal Inference]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Educação Comparada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Métodos de Pesquisa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Análise de Regressão]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Inferência Causal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0100-3143</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Educação e Realidade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Educ. Real.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0100-3143</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Educação]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-id>S0100-31432017000300841</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2175-623664816</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Quantitative Methods in Comparative Education and Other Disciplines: are they valid?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Métodos Quantitativos na Educação Comparada e em Outros Cursos: são válidos?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klees]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Maryland  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[College Park MD]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>841</fpage>
<lpage>858</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0100-31432017000300841&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract1:  Comparison is the essence of science and the field of comparative and international education, like many of the social sciences, has been dominated by quantitative methodological approaches. This paper raises fundamental questions about the utility of regression analysis for causal inference. It examines three extensive literatures of applied regression analysis concerned with education policies. The paper concludes that the conditions necessary for regression analysis to yield valid causal inferences are so far from ever being met or approximated that such inferences are never valid. Alternative research methodologies are then briefly discussed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Resumo13:  A compara&#231;&#227;o &#233; a ess&#234;ncia da ci&#234;ncia e o campo da educa&#231;&#227;o comparada e internacional, como muitas ci&#234;ncias sociais, encontra-se dominado por abordagens metodol&#243;gicas quantitativas. Este artigo levanta quest&#245;es fundamentais a respeito da utilidade da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para infer&#234;ncias causais. Examina tr&#234;s obras extensas de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o aplicada referentes a pol&#237;ticas educacionais. O artigo conclui que o alcance ou at&#233; mesmo a proximidade das condi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para que a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o produza infer&#234;ncias causais v&#225;lidas est&#225; mais distante do que nunca, de modo que estas infer&#234;ncias nunca s&#227;o v&#225;lidas. As metodologias de pesquisa alternativas s&#227;o ent&#227;o brevemente discutidas.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Comparative Education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Research Methods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Regression Analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Causal Inference]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Educação Comparada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Métodos de Pesquisa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Análise de Regressão]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Inferência Causal]]></kwd>
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