<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0103-6831</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudos em Avaliação Educacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Est. Aval. Educ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0103-6831</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundação Carlos Chagas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0103-68312016000300754</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18222/eae.v27i66.4101</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Medida das desigualdades de aprendizado entre estudantes de ensino fundamental]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Medición de las desigualdades de aprendizaje entre estudiantes de la educación básica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Assessment of learning inequalities among elementary school students]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victor Maia Senna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Faculdade de Educação Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Departamento de Ciências Econômicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ouro Preto Minas Gerais]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>754</fpage>
<lpage>780</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0103-68312016000300754&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0103-68312016000300754&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0103-68312016000300754&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo, uma situa&#231;&#227;o de igualdade educacional &#233; definida como aquela em que quaisquer grupos de estudantes t&#234;m a mesma distribui&#231;&#227;o de desempenho cujos valores correspondem a aprendizados que os habilitam a uma inser&#231;&#227;o produtiva e pessoalmente satisfat&#243;ria na sociedade. O principal objetivo desse texto &#233; introduzir um indicador de desigualdade educacional definido como a dist&#226;ncia entre a distribui&#231;&#227;o ideal de desempenho e a observada em um dado grupo de estudantes. As an&#225;lises apresentadas mostram que as desigualdades no ensino fundamental brasileiro s&#227;o muito grandes e que nunca desaparecer&#227;o caso as melhorias continuem no ritmo atual.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este art&#237;culo se define una situaci&#243;n de igualdad educacional como aquella en la que cualesquiera grupos de estudiantes tienen la misma distribuci&#243;n de desempe&#241;o cuyos valores corresponden a aprendizajes que los habilitan a una inserci&#243;n productiva y personalmente satisfactoria en la sociedad. El principal objetivo de este texto es el de introducir un indicador de desigualdad educacional definido como la distancia entre la distribuci&#243;n ideal de desempe&#241;o y la observada en un determinado grupo de estudiantes. Los an&#225;lisis presentados muestran que las desigualdades en la educaci&#243;n b&#225;sica brasile&#241;a son muy grandes y que nunca desaparecer&#225;n si las mejoras sigan ocurriendo en el actual ritmo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Educational equality, as defined in this article, is a condition in which any group of students presents the same performance distribution whose values match the learning experiences that enable them to have a productive and personally satisfying insertion into society. The main objective of this article is to introduce an indicator of educational inequality defined as the gap between the ideal performance distribution and that observed in a given group of students. The analyses presented here show that inequality in Brazilian elementary schools is very large and will never disappear if the improvements continue at the current pace.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Indicadores Educacionais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Desigualdades Educacionais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Prova Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ensino Fundamental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Indicadores Educacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdades Educacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Prova Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Educación Básica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational Indicators]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational Inequalities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prova Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Basic Education]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Teresa Gonzaga]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[XAVIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flavia Pereira]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Índice socioeconômico das escolas de educação básica brasileiras.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>84</numero>
<issue>84</issue>
<page-range>671-703</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Teresa Gonzaga]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[XAVIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flavia Pereira]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Desigualdades educacionais no ensino fundamental de 2005 a 2013</em>: hiato entre grupos sociais.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belo Horizonte ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANGUS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The probability integral transform and related results.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Siam Review]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>652-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>BRASIL</collab>
<collab>BRASIL</collab>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Constitui&#231;&#227;o (1988)</em>. Constitui&#231;&#227;o da Rep&#250;blica Federativa do Brasil: Texto Constitucional promulgado em 5 de outubro de 1988, com as altera&#231;&#245;es anotadas pelas Emendas Constitucionais nos 1/92 a 44/2004 e pelas Emendas Constitucionais de Revis&#227;o nos 1 a 6/94.]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>438-38</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Brasília, DF ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Senado Federal, Subsecretaria de Edições Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>BRASIL. Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira</collab>
<collab>BRASIL. Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira</collab>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Nota t&#233;cnica</em>: &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento da Educa&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica - Ideb. Metodologia da concep&#231;&#227;o do IDEB.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Brasília, DF ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inep]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CIZEK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gregory J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUNCH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Standard setting</em>: a guide to stablishing and evaluating performance standards on tests.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks, CA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HANDCOCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MORRIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Relative distribution methods. Sociological Methodology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>53-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HANDCOCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MORRIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relative distribution methods in the social sciences.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Science &amp; Business Media]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KLEIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FONTANIVE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOURA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Utilização da teoria de resposta ao item no Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>40</numero>
<issue>40</issue>
<page-range>283-96</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KULLBACK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Solomon]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEIBLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[On information and sufficiency.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Annals of Mathematical Statistics]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>79-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OLIVEIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Romualdo Portela.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>An&#225;lise das desigualdades intraescolares no Brasil. 2013</em>: projeto de pesquisa.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade de São Paulo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>QEdu</collab>
<collab>QEdu</collab>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Use dados</em>. Transforme a educa&#231;&#227;o]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM</collab>
<collab>R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[<em>R</em>: a language and environment for statistical computing]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Viena, Austria ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RIBEIRO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Elisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COSCARELLI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla Viana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[O que dizem as matrizes de habilidades sobre a leitura em ambientes digitais.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educação em Revista]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>317-17</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Belo Horizonte ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODRIGUES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clarissa Guimarães]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RIOS-NETO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo Luiz Gonçalves]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristine Campos de Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diferenças intertemporais na média e distribuição do desempenho escolar no Brasil: o papel do nível socioeconômico, 1997 a 2005.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Estudos Populares]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-36</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amartya]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Equality of what? Tanner lecture on human values. Tanner Lectures.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Salt Lake City, UT ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford Universty]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SHLENS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Notes on Kullback-Leibler divergence and likelihood</em>.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[arXivpreprint arXiv:1404]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SILVERMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernard W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Density estimation for statistic and data analysis</em>.]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Measuring cognitive achievement gaps and inequalities: the case of Brazil.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Educational Research]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>176-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação de São Paulo - IDESP]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[São Paulo Perspectiva]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>29-41</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Teresa Gonzaga]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[XAVIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flávia Pereira]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of Brazilian schools on student learning. Assessment in Education.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Principles, Policy &amp; Practice]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>75-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOARES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MAROTTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luana Castro de Souza]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DELGADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victor Maia Senna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Measuring the quality and equity of basic education systems</em>.]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ ISA WORLD CONGRESS OF SOCIOLOGY, 17]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2010</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Sweden </conf-loc>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sweden ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THOMAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vinod]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WANG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xibo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Measuring education in equality</em>: Gini coefficient of education]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>TODOS PELA EDUCAÇÃO</collab>
<collab>TODOS PELA EDUCAÇÃO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[<em>De olho nas metas</em>: primeiro relat&#243;rio de acompanhamento das 5 metas do movimento todos pela educa&#231;&#227;o.]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
