<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1413-2478</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Educação]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bras. Educ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1413-2478</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ANPEd - Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1413-24782016000300759</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1413-24782016216639</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[&#201;tica na pesquisa com crian&#231;as: aus&#234;ncias e desafios]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ETHICS IN RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN: ABSENCES AND CHALLENGES]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[ÉTICA EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN CON NIÑOS: AUSENCIAS Y RETOS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNANDES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NATÁLIA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>759</fpage>
<lpage>779</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1413-24782016000300759&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1413-24782016000300759&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1413-24782016000300759&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO Valendo-se da sociologia da inf&#226;ncia, o texto discute as quest&#245;es da inf&#226;ncia, da pesquisa e da &#233;tica que devem enformar todos os procedimentos desencadeados no processo de pesquisa com crian&#231;as. Ser&#225; inicialmente apresentado o estado da arte acerca das discuss&#245;es que t&#234;m caraterizado esse debate, que, sendo recente, conta com uma significativa reflex&#227;o. Apresentamos, ainda, alguns desafios que s&#227;o fundamentais serem enfrentados para que se consiga uma &#233;tica vi&#225;vel na investiga&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as, que passam pela indispensabilidade de se pensar as quest&#245;es de poder que se estabelecem entre adultos e crian&#231;as; que passam tamb&#233;m pelo enfrentamento do desafio que decorre das hierarquias protocolares e a maneira como estas podem contribuir para a invisibilidade epistemol&#243;gica das crian&#231;as na pesquisa; que passam, finalmente, por um questionamento cr&#237;tico relativamente &#224; forma como &#233; salvaguardada a autoria, quer de crian&#231;as, quer de adultos, na an&#225;lise, interpreta&#231;&#227;o e produ&#231;&#227;o dos dados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This paper discusses, from the sociology of childhood, the issues of childhood, research and ethics which must shape the methodological procedures undertaken in the research processes with children. We, firstly, will present the state-of-the-art theoretical discussions that have been characterizing this debate, which, although recent, are already very significant. We also present some challenges, which are essential to face, in order to achieve a feasible ethic in research with children, which are related to the need to think about the power issues between adults and children. We also have to consider that the challenge stems from the protocol hierarchies and how sometimes these can contribute to the epistemological invisibility of children in research. Finally, a third challenge that mobilizes a critical analysis related to the way issues of authorship of children and adult, in the analysis, interpretation and production of scientific texts, are respected.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Vali&#233;ndose de la sociolog&#237;a en la infancia, el texto discute las cuestiones de la infancia, de la investigaci&#243;n y la &#233;tica que deben conformar todos los procedimientos desencadenados en el proceso de investigaci&#243;n con ni&#241;os y ni&#241;as. En primer lugar se presenta el estado de la arte acerca de las discusiones que vienen caracterizando a tal debate, que aun siendo reciente, ya cuenta con una significativa reflexi&#243;n. Presentamos tambi&#233;n algunos de los desaf&#237;os que resulta fundamental afrontar para alcanzar una &#233;tica viable en la investigaci&#243;n con ni&#241;os y ni&#241;as, que pasan por la obligada necesidad de pensar las cuestiones de poder que se establecen entre adultos y ni&#241;os; que pasan tambi&#233;n por el afrontamiento al desaf&#237;o que resulta de las jerarqu&#237;as protocolarias y la forma c&#243;mo estas pueden contribuir para la invisibilidad epistemol&#243;gica de los ni&#241;os y ni&#241;as en la investigaci&#243;n. Que pasan, por fin, por un cuestionamiento cr&#237;tico en cuanto a la forma como se salvaguarda la autor&#237;a, ya sea de ni&#241;os o de adultos, en el an&#225;lisis, interpretaci&#243;n y producci&#243;n de datos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ética na pesquisa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[pesquisa com crianças]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crianças]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sociologia da infância]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethics in research]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[research with children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sociology of childhood]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ética en la investigación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[investigación con niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sociología de la infancia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Listening to children:</em> children, ethics, and social research]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Essex ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Barnardos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kellett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doing research with children and young people]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>97-112</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publication]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>The ethics of research with children and young people:</em> a practical handbook]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Research ethics in a culture of risk]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ethical research with children]]></source>
<year></year>
<edition>8. ed</edition>
<page-range>15-26</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Open University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Associação Médica Mundial</collab>
<collab>Associação Médica Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[A declaração Helsinque]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baines]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Assent for children's participation in research is incoherent and wrong]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of Disease in Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bakhtin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hucitec]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beazley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bessel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ennew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The right to be properly researched: research with children in a messy, real world]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children's Geographies]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>365-78</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taylor &amp; Francis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethics in child research: rights, reason and responsibilities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children's Geographies]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>7-20</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taylor &amp; Francis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cashmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethical issues concerning consent in obtaining children's reports on their experience of violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[C<em>hild Abuse &amp; Neglect</em>]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>969-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Children's participation in ethnographic research: issues of power and representation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children &amp; Society]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>165-76</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Research with children:</em> perspectives and practices]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corsaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The sociology of childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<edition>2. ed</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pine Forge Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coutinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>A a&#231;&#227;o social dos beb&#234;s:</em> um estudo etnogr&#225;fico no contexto de creche]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[braga ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dingwall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethics and ethnography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociological Review]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>871-91</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Inf&#226;ncia e direitos:</em> representa&#231;&#245;es, pr&#225;ticas e poderes]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Afrontamento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["<em>A gente gosta &#233; de brincar com os outros meninos!</em>" Rela&#231;&#245;es sociais entre crian&#231;as num jardim de inf&#226;ncia]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Afrontamento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA["- Ela é a nossa prisioneira!" Questões teóricas, epistemológicas e ético-metodológicas a propósito dos processos de obtenção da permissão das crianças pequenas numa pesquisa etnográfica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Reflex&#227;o e A&#231;&#227;o</em>]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foucault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microfísica do poder]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Graal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francischini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ética e pesquisa com crianças: questões e desafios desde a sociologia da infância]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dont' rock the research boat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Times Higler Education supplement]]></source>
<year></year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>20-0</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdon ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[TES Global]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallacher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallagher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Methodological immaturity in childhood research? Thinking through participatory methods. What are "participatory" methods, and why do we need them]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>499-516</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Backett-Milburn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Can't talk, won't talk? Methodological issues in researching children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociological Research Online]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tisdall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Moving the participation agenda forward]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children &amp; Society]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>77-96</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Children as research subjects: a risky enterprise]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children &amp; Society]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>117-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA["Do you get some funny looks when you tell people what you do?" Muddling through some angsts and ethics of (being a male) researching with children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethics, Place &amp; Environment]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>159-66</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taylor &amp; Francis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Giving voice to children's voices: practices and problems, pitfalls and potencials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Anthropologist]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>261-72</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Theorizing childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Polity Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Constructing and reconstructing childhood:</em> contemporany issues in the sociological study of childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Falmer Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Methodological and ethical issues in conducting qualitative research with children and young people: a literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Nursing Studies]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1.250-1.260</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komulainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The ambiguity of the child's "voice" in social research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Autoria e autorização: questões éticas na pesquisa com crianças]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cadernos de Pesquisa]]></source>
<year></year>
<numero>116</numero>
<issue>116</issue>
<page-range>41-59</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[São PauloCampinas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundação Carlos ChagasAutores Associados]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Children and society:</em> growing up in an age of uncertainty]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Open University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The legal context]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lweis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kellet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doing research with children and young people]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>43-58</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCrum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Interviewing children: a training pack for journalists]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Devon, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Children's Voices]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethical issues in collaborative research with children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ethical research with children]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>150-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MCGraw-Hill International]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ethical dillemas in research with children and young people about their social environments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children's Geographies]]></source>
<year></year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>49-61</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taylor &amp; Francis]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The ethics of social research with children: an overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children &amp; Society]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>90-105</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzgerald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>International literature review:</em> ethical issues in undertaking research with children and young people]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Children's participation rights in research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>124-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The future of childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge Falmer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Punch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Youth transitions and interdependent adult-child relations in rural Bolivia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Rural Studies]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>123-33</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qvortrup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Childhood as a social phenomenon:</em> an introduction to a series of national reports]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>36</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vienne ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Centre]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Conhecimento prudente para uma vida decente:</em> um discurso sobre as ci&#234;ncias revisitado]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Afrontamento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epistemologias do Sul]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Almedina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Olhares das crian&#231;as institucionalizadas sobre os seus direitos:</em> "Poder escolher se queria vir para aqui ou n&#227;o e n&#227;o me deixaram dizer, n&#227;o respeitaram"]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[braga ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Os ofícios da criança]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anais...]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>II</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Congresso Internacional "Os Mundos Sociais e Culturais da Infância", 2]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2000</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Braga </conf-loc>
<page-range>125-45</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Braga ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudos da Criança da Universidade do Minho]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[As culturas da infância nas encruzilhadas da 2a Modernidade]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerisara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>Crian&#231;as e mi&#250;dos:</em> perspectivas sociopedag&#243;gicas da inf&#226;ncia e educa&#231;&#227;o]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>9-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edições ASA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Somerville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>The ethical imagination:</em> Journeys of the Human Spirit]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Melbourne ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spyrou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The limits of children's voices: from authenticity to critical, reflexive representation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Childhood]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Kane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The ethics of participatory research with children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children &amp; Society]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>336-48</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomás]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[<em>"H&#225; muitos mundos no mundo":</em> cosmopolitismos, participa&#231;&#227;o e direitos da crian&#231;a]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Afrontamento]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribuna Internacional de Nuremberg</collab>
<collab>Tribuna Internacional de Nuremberg</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Código de Nuremberg]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodhead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Psychosocial impacts of child work: a framework for research, monitoring and intervention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Children's Rights]]></source>
<year></year>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>321-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
