<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1413-6538</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. bras. educ. espec.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1413-6538</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Educação Especial - ABPEE]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1413-65382020000300511</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1980-54702020v26e0169</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Autismo, Narrativas Maternas e Ativismo dos Anos 1970 a 20081]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Autism, Maternal Narratives and Activism from 1970 to 2008]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LOPES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruna Alves]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ponta Grossa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ponta Grossa Paraná]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>511</fpage>
<lpage>526</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1413-65382020000300511&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1413-65382020000300511&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1413-65382020000300511&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO: Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre aspectos históricos relacionados ao autismo no Brasil ao longo das décadas de 1970 a 2008. Analisamos duas autobiografias elaboradas por mães cujos filhos receberam o diagnóstico de autismo entre os anos 1970 e 1980. Os escritos dessas mulheres foram produzidos em momentos distintos (uma em 1988 e outra em 2008) e são aqui compreendidos como fontes pertinentes para se produzir histórias que iluminam questões relativas ao ativismo materno no período em foco a partir da perspectiva feminina. Concluímos que os dois documentos analisados demonstram que a família, no caso do espectro autista, foi um sujeito fundamental no desenvolvimento de uma incipiente rede de proteção aos autistas, em um momento de transição democrática no país. Apesar da distância temporal das narrativas, é possível verificar elementos em comum entre elas, como as motivações para escrever sobre o assunto, o papel das associações de mães e pais de autistas e as dificuldades em encontrar serviços adequados para as necessidades de seus filhos. Também se encontram nelas diferenças, principalmente no olhar acerca do ativismo materno.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT: This paper aims to reflect on historical aspects related to autism in Brazil from the 1970s to 2008. We analyzed two autobiographies written by mothers whose children were diagnosed with autism between the 1970s and the 1980s. The writings of these women were produced in distinct moments (one in 1988 and the other in 2008), and they are understood here as pertinent sources for producing stories that illuminate issues related to maternal activism in the period in focus from the female perspective. We concluded that the two analyzed documents demonstrate that the family, in the case of the autistic spectrum, was a fundamental subject in the development of an incipient protection network for autistic people, in a moment of democratic transition in the country. Despite the temporal distance of the narratives, it is possible to verify elements in common, such as the motivations to write about the subject, the role of associations of mothers and fathers of autistic people and the difficulties in finding adequate services for the needs of their children. Differences are also found, especially in terms of maternal activism.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Autismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Maternidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ativismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Autism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Motherhood]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Activism]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bettelheim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A fortaleza vazia]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Martins Fontes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biroli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gênero e desigualdades: os limites da democracia no Brasil]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Boitempo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Representações sociais e atitudes face ao autismo]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavalcante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pessoas muito especiais: a construção social do portador de deficiência e a reinvenção da família]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FIOCRUZ]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Um autista muito especial]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Porto Alegre ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mediação]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Maternidad y tecnologías de género]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Katz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donvan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Outra sintonia: a história do autismo]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Companhia das Letras]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douglas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autism&#8217;s &#8220;refrigerator mothers&#8221;: identity, power, and resistance]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comparative Program on Health and Society (CPHS), Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eyal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How parents of autistic children became experts on their own children: notes towards a sociology of expertise]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Berkeley Journal of Sociology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gauderer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autismo - década de 80: uma atualização para os que atuam na área - do especialista aos pais]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Almed]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grinker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autismo: um mundo obscuro e conturbado]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Larrousse do Brasil]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autism and gender: from refrigerator mothers to computer geeks]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Champaign ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soorya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thurm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Transtorno do espectro autista]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hogrefe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Autistic disturbances of affective contact]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nervous Child]]></source>
<year>1943</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>217-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leandro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cartas de mães e pais de autistas ao Jornal do Brasil na década de 1980]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interface]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>64</numero>
<issue>64</issue>
<page-range>153-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Lei nº 12.764, de 27 de dezembro de 2012. Institui a Política Nacional de Proteção dos Direitos da Pessoa com Transtorno do Espectro Autista; e altera o § 3º do art. 98 da Lei nº 8.112, de 11 de dezembro de 1990]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Lei nº 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990. Dispõe sobre o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e dá outras providências]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A construção histórica do autismo (1943-1983)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciências Humanas e Sociais em Revista]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>109-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Não existe mãe-geladeira: uma análise feminista da construção do ativismo de mães de autistas no Brasil (1940-2019)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[PR, Brasil ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mafra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comunicação, ocupação, representação: três olhares sobre a noção de advocacy em contextos de deliberação pública]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Compolítica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>181-204</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministério da Educação e do Desporto</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Plano Decenal de Educação para todos]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Brasília ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MEC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministério da Educação e do Desporto. Secretaria de Educação Especial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Política Nacional de Educação Especial]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Brasília ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MEC /SEESP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nestlehner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mãe de autista vai publicar livro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Jornal do Brasil]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>XCIX</numero>
<issue>XCIX</issue>
<page-range>14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Algumas reflexões sobre histórias de vida, biografias e autobiografias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[História Oral]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>117-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pollack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bruno Bettelheim ou la fabrication d´un mythe: une biographie]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond, Le Seuil]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrajordia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Subsídios sobre o autismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szabo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autismo: depoimentos e informações]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<edition>2ª ed.</edition>
<page-range>77-85</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edicon]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silverman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From disorders of affect to mindblindness: framing the history of autism spectrum disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Autism and Representation]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cleveland, Ohio ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Case Western Reserve Univ]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silverman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brosco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding autism: parents and pediatricians in historical perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>161</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>392-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szabo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autismo: depoimentos e informações]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edicon]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tustin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autismo e psicose infantil]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rio de Janeiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imago]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[O desenvolvimento do autismo: social, cognitivo, linguístico, sensório-motor e perspectivas biológicas]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[M. Books do Brasil]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clara Claiborne Park obituary]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
