<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1981-5271</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bras. Educ. Med.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1981-5271</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1981-52712025000200301</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1981-5271v49.1-2023-0057</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O ensino do exame de fundo de olho na graduação médica: tendências na literatura]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Teaching funduscopy to undergraduate medical students: trends in the literature]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Norimar Pinto de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domingues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robson Jose de Souza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida Sobrinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edmundo Frota]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argentino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simone]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walisson Ferreira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Estado do Pará  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Marabá Pará]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Estado do Pará  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Belém Pará]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1981-52712025000200301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1981-52712025000200301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1981-52712025000200301&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO  Introdução:  O exame de fundo de olho (EFO) é um recurso semiológico importante e deve ser uma competência exercida pelo profissional médico, especialmente em contextos clínicos associados a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM) e quadros neurológicos. O ensino do EFO na graduação médica é um tema recorrente e desafiador na literatura com experiências que consideram não somente o ensino da oftalmoscopia direta (OD), mas também técnicas de exame que se baseiam na obtenção e análise de imagens do fundo de olho.  Objetivo:  Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar e analisar na literatura experiências e tendências sobre o ensino do EFO na graduação médica.  Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva literária que coletou publicações compreendidas no período de 2013 a 2023.  Resultado:  Foram selecionados 44 estudos publicados no período. O uso de simuladores e de imagens obtidas com dispositivos acoplados a câmeras de telefones celulares apresentou-se em 52,3% dos estudos com conclusões positivas sobre a utilização desses elementos para a aprendizagem do EFO. A OD continua sendo uma técnica recomendada e ensinada, muito embora a maioria dos estudos identifique dificuldades em seu aprendizado e exercício. A maioria das pesquisas utilizou ambientes controlados, teve pouco tempo de seguimento no sentido de averiguar a eficiência dos processos de ensino testados e não definiu com clareza os objetivos educacionais e as metodologias de aprendizagem que devem ser empregados no ensino do EFO. Somente dois estudos foram conduzidos em ambientes autênticos de atendimento.  Conclusão: Existem várias experiências relatadas sobre o ensino do EFO amparadas por diversos recursos que se mostraram pedagogicamente adequados. Estudos longitudinais e metodologicamente uniformes devem ser conduzidos para a obtenção de resultados reprodutíveis e comparáveis que possam garantir eficiência ao ensino do EFO na graduação médica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  Funduscopy is a skill that should be utilized by medical professionals, especially in clinical contexts associated with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and neurological conditions. The teaching of this topic in medical undergraduate courses is a recurring subject in the literature, including approaches that consider not only the teaching of direct ophthalmoscopy (DO) but also techniques based on obtaining and analyzing images of the fundus.  Objective: To identify and analyze experiences and trends in the literature on the teaching of funduscopy in medical undergraduate courses.  Method:  Bibliographic research comprising articles published in the period from 2013 to 2023.  Results: A total of 44 articles were selected through the review. The use of simulators and fundus images captured with devices coupled to cell phone cameras were teaching resources used in a large number of studies (52.3% of articles) with positive conclusions about the use of these elements for learning funduscopy. Direct ophthalmoscopy continues to be a recommended technique, although most studies identify difficulties in its learning and performance. Most research used controlled environments, had little follow-up time to ascertain the efficiency of the teaching processes and lacked uniform and clear educational objectives and learning methodologies that should be used in teaching funduscopy. Only two studies were carried out in authentic care environments.  Conclusion:  There are several experiences reported on the teaching of funduscopy supported by various resources that proved to be pedagogically appropriate. Longitudinal and methodologically uniform studies must be conducted to obtain reproducible and comparable results that can warrant better efficiency in the teaching of funduscopy in medical education.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Educação Médica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Oftalmoscopia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ensino]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Fundo de Olho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Medical Education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ophthalmoscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Teaching]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fundus oculi]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benbassat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BCP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Javitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Objectives of teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to medical students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>503-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graubart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neuman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biousse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching ophthalmoscopy to medical students (the TOTeMS study)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1056-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smartphone ophthalmoscope as a tool in teaching direct ophthalmoscopy: a crossover randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Educ Online]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[dos Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RNV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobrinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EFA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Retinopatia em pacientes hipertensos e/ou diabéticos em uma unidade de saúde da família]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Oftalmol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>108-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mckivigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluating medical students&#8217; proficiency with a handheld ophthalmoscope: a pilot study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv Med Educ Pract]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>33-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wai-Ching]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical students&#8217; self confidence in performing direct ophthalmoscopy in clinical training]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albuquerque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasconcelos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JPC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of conventional and wide field direct ophthalmoscopy on medical students&#8217; self-confidence for fundus examination: a 1-year follow-up]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>507-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahwage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TKK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andriolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[O ensino de habilidades clínicas e a aplicabilidade de um guia simplificado de exame físico na graduação de medicina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Educ Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>299-309</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purbrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RMJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Direct ophthalmoscopy should be taught to undergraduate medical students - no]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye (Lond)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>990-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yusuf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salmon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Direct ophthalmoscopy should be taught to undergraduate medical students - yes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>987-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orlans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Direct ophthalmoscopy should be taught within the context of its limitations - no]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye (Lond)]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>326-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ALF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[raining of direct ophthalmoscopy using models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Teac]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>423-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esidio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angeloni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CRM.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análise do ensino da oftalmoscopia direta nos cursos de graduação de Medicina do Estado do Mato Grosso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Oftalmol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>21-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mamtora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DHW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smartphone ophthalmoscopy: a potential replacement for the direct ophthalmoscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye (Lond)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1766-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Healey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[eFOCUS 2: A randomised crossover trial of smartphone fundoscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy aiming to improve optic disc interpretation by medical students with e-learning support]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Exp Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>704-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edelweiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Barreiras para a realização de oftalmoscopia direta por médicos de família e comunidade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>44</numero>
<issue>44</issue>
<page-range>2970-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biousse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography in neurologic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Neurol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>455-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-mydriatic fundus photography: a practical review for the neurologist]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pract Neurol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>343-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ophthalmoscopy simulation: advances in training and practice from medical students and young ophthalmologists]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Medical Education and Practice]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>435-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biousse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ophthalmoscopy in the 21 st century: the 2017 H Houston Merrit Lecture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>167-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akaishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breugelmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kojima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validity of direct ophthalmoscopy skill evaluation with ocular fundus examination simulators]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>377-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bidwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The use and evaluation of an inexpensive eye model in direct ophthalmoscopy training]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Acad Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>07</volume>
<numero>01</numero>
<issue>01</issue>
<page-range>21-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoddart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ophthalmoscopy using an eye simulator model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Teach]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>99-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Androwiki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scravoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fagundes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of a simulation tool in ophthalmology: application in teaching funduscopy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arq Bras Oftalmol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>36-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yusuf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ridyard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[THM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sipkova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integrating retinal simulation with a peer-assessed group OSCE format to teach direct ophthalmoscopy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>392-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PHL de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GMN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastos JMG de]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortizo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A new model for teaching opthalmoscopy to medical students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MedEdPublish]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>197.1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deuchler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackermann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohnen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kombination von simulationsbasiertem Lernen und Online-Learning in der Augenheilkunde]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Der Ophthalmologe]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>20-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezdini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lohdhiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesaaoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The contribution of simulation in training for funduscopic examination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Tunisie Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1T141-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[comparing eyesi virtual reality simulator and traditional teaching methods for direct ophthalmoscopy: students&#8217; perspectives at Indiana University School of Medicine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Acad Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>01</numero>
<issue>01</issue>
<page-range>66-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of a 3D-printed eye model for teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to undergraduates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Graefe&#8217;s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>260</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>2361-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCannel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Hashimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prospective, randomized trial comparing simulator-based versus traditional teaching of direct ophthalmoscopy for medical students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>238</volume>
<page-range>187-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belyea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rayyoub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LZ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of surgery simulator training on ophthalmology resident phacoemulsification performance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cataract Refract Surg]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1756-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempfer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Utilização da simulação no ensino da enfermagem: revisão integrativa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Min Enferm]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>487-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dourado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ASS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gianella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ensino baseado em simulação na formação continuada de médicos: análise das percepções de alunos e professores de um Hospital do Rio de Janeiro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Educ Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>10-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cazanti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fontes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BFV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dispositivo com câmera para treinamento de intubação orotraqueal: possibilidade de ensino médico em período pandêmico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Educ Med]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>3-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MLS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kadosaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[David]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JPF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IVR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simulador para o treinamento do reflexo vermelho em recém-nascidos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Educ Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>10-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mantora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DHW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smart phone ophthalmoscopy: a potential replacement for the direct ophthalmoscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1766-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fouzdar-Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison study of funduscopic examination using a smartphone-based digital ophthalmoscope and the direct ophthalmoscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>201-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of smartphone ophthalmoscopy vs conventional direct ophthalmoscopy as a teaching tool for medical students: the COSMOS study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Ophthalmology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>391-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shikino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kikukawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ikusaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of the iExaminer Teaching Method on Fundus Examination Skills]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Network Open]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curtis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irrcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smartphone compatible versus conventional ophthalmoscope: a randomized crossover educational trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Acad Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>02</numero>
<issue>02</issue>
<page-range>270-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montezuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teaching smartphone funduscopy with 20 Diopter lens in undergraduate medical education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Ophthalmology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>2013-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prospective evaluation of medical student accuracy conducting direct ophthalmoscopy with an unmodified iPhone X]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>3933-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qader]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Er]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effectiveness of smartphone ophthalmoscope compared to direct ophthalmoscope as a teaching tool]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Asia Pacific Scholar]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>22-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Queiroz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JX]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bortoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Matos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[das Graças Dias Cavalcante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EAS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diabetic retinopathy screening in urban primary care setting with a handheld smartphone-based retinal camera]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Diabetol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1493-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fundoscopy in the smartphone age: current ophthalmoscopy methods in neurology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arq Neuropsiquiatr]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Majdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehralian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moarefi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The use of peer optic nerve photographs for teaching direct ophthalmoscopy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ophthalmology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>761-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kjersem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Høvding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Matching fundus photographs of classmates. An informal competition to promote learning and practice of direct ophthalmoscopy among medical students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Vis Commun Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>13-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byrd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longmire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Syme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray-Krezan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[a pilot study on providing ophthalmic training to medical students while initiating a sustainable eye care effort for the underserved]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>304-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mgaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furahini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The arclight ophthalmoscope: a reliable low-cost alternative to the standard direct ophthalmoscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2015</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hassan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamsett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Addressing the &#8220;forgotten art of fundoscopy&#8221;: evaluation of a novel teaching ophthalmoscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>375-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lippa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of durability of online and multisensory learning using an ophthalmology model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ophthalmology]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1960-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yusuf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Direct ophthalmoscopy: teaching in primary care]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Clinical Teacher]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>235-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of an online peer fundus photograph matching program in teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to medical students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>441-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Connor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carruthers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A 3D virtual reality ophthalmoscopy trainer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Teach]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>427-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bénard-Séguin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[É]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of a fundus photograph matching program in imparting proficiency in ophthalmoscopy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>480-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dissanayake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathangasinghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weerakoon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prasanni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WDD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Videotape versus live demonstration in enhancing the technique and confidence of direct ophthalmoscopy in undergraduate medical education: a randomized controlled trial in a South Asian medical school]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of the College of Ophthalmologists of Sri Lanka]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>25-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rickmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xanthopoulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alnaggar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Januschowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluierung eines VR-Simulators zum Erlernen der direkten Ophthalmoskopie in der studentischen Lehre]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Der Ophthalmologe]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>44-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmour-White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Picton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blaikie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Denniston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coleman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does access to a portable ophthalmoscope improve skill acquisition in direct ophthalmoscopy? A method comparison study in undergraduate medical education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alabiad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluating the effectiveness of small-group training in teaching medical students integral clinical eye examination skills]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Acad Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>01</numero>
<issue>01</issue>
<page-range>e79-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalgudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Susanne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A validated audio-visual educational module on examination skills in ophthalmology for undergraduate medical students in the Covid-19 season: an observational longitudinal study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>400-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witherow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Healey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceived usefulness and ease of use of fundoscopy by medical students: a randomised crossover trial of six technologies (eFOCUS 1)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>41-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shikino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yokokawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nishiya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flexible e-learning video approach to improve fundus examination skills for medical students: a mixed-methods study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vloka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wingrove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koretz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yadav]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dmitriev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A novel approach to teaching fundoscopy using a virtual format]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MedEdPORTAL]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labkovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chopra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chadha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical student attitudes toward the use of peer physical exam for learning fundoscopy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Acad Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>01</numero>
<issue>01</issue>
<page-range>60-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
