<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1984-5987</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Childhood & Philosophy]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Child.philo.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1984-5987</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1984-59872013000200225</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">110.12957/childphilo.2017.26702</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Children and developed agency.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Crianças e uma agência desenvolvida]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los niños y una agencia desarrollada]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Divers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lancaster University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[United Kingdom ]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<fpage>225</fpage>
<lpage>244</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1984-59872013000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1984-59872013000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1984-59872013000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: That That we treat children differently from adults is clear. The attitude of increased paternalistic standards can be seen in a number of cases - be it the rights which children have in terms of medical treatment, decisions about their lives which are left up to parents or guardians, or the prohibition of certain activities before a certain age. However, we can only treat 'children as children' if we can prove that this stands in great enough distinction from the adult. Either it can be shown that children are significantly unique (and certainly so in relation to adults) such that different treatment on this basis is justified, or, if it cannot be shown that children are different to adults or we cannot say who is and who is not a child, then the second conclusion must be that we cannot justify children as deserving of paternalistic treatment, and must either reject paternalistic intervention altogether, or else look for a new criteria upon which to base the application of these increased paternalistic standards. In the course of this paper, the nature of childhood will be examined, as will its value in matters of ascribing rights and responsibility in matters concerning young people. Instead of age and childhood being used as indicators of capacity and responsibility, it will be argued that a mark of the agency of an individual should be taken and that this should hold, regardless of the age of the individual in question. Furthermore, it will be suggested that this agency is task specific. Such a view leads to offering (tentatively) greater rights to children who are developed agents. However, it is clear that the notion of developed agency does not only have connotations for the rights of children - there must also be corresponding responsibilities that come with being a developed agent.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Que tratamos as crian&#231;as de forma diferente dos adultos &#233; claro. A atitude de padr&#245;es cada vez mais paternalistas pode ser vista em v&#225;rios casos - seja nos direitos que as crian&#231;as t&#234;m em termos de tratamento m&#233;dico, nas decis&#245;es sobre suas vidas que s&#227;o deixadas aos pais ou respons&#225;veis, ou na proibi&#231;&#227;o de certas atividades antes de uma determinada idade. No entanto, s&#243; podemos tratar as 'crian&#231;as como crian&#231;as' se podemos provar que isso &#233; suficientemente distinto do adulto. Ou poder-se-i-a mostrar que as crian&#231;as s&#227;o significativamente &#250;nicas (e, certamente, isso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos adultos) de tal forma que um tratamento diferente com base nisso esteja justificado ou, se n&#227;o puder ser demonstrado que as crian&#231;as s&#227;o diferentes dos adultos ou n&#227;o podemos dizer quem &#233; e quem n&#227;o &#233; uma crian&#231;a, ent&#227;o a segunda conclus&#227;o deve ser que n&#227;o podemos justificar as crian&#231;as como merecedores de tratamento paternalista, e devemos rejeitar a interven&#231;&#227;o paternalista por completo, ou ent&#227;o procurar um novo crit&#233;rio sobre o qual basear a aplica&#231;&#227;o destes padr&#245;es paternalistas. No decorrer deste trabalho, a natureza da inf&#226;ncia ser&#225; examinada, e tamb&#233;m seu valor em mat&#233;ria de atribuir direitos e responsabilidade em quest&#245;es relativas aos jovens. Em vez da idade e a inf&#226;ncia serem utilizadas como indicadores de capacidade e responsabilidade, vamos argumentar que uma marca da ag&#234;ncia de um indiv&#237;duo deveria ser tomada e que esta deveria ser sustentada, independentemente da idade do indiv&#237;duo em quest&#227;o. Mais ainda, ser&#225; sugerido que esta ag&#234;ncia &#233; uma tarefa espec&#237;fica. Tal vis&#227;o leva a oferecer (como tentativa) maiores direitos para as crian&#231;as que s&#227;o agentes desenvolvidos. No entanto, &#233; claro que a no&#231;&#227;o de ag&#234;ncia desenvolvida n&#227;o s&#243; tem conota&#231;&#245;es para os direitos das crian&#231;as mas tamb&#233;m deve haver responsabilidades correspondentes que v&#234;m com o fato de ser um agente desenvolvido.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Que tratamos a los ni&#241;os de manera diferente de los adultos est&#225; claro. La actitud de un aumento de las normas paternalistas se puede ver en una serie de casos - ya sean los derechos que los ni&#241;os tienen en t&#233;rminos de asistencia m&#233;dica, las decisiones acerca de sus vidas que se dejan a los padres o tutores, o la prohibici&#243;n de determinadas actividades antes de una determinada edad. Sin embargo, s&#243;lo podemos tratar a los 'ni&#241;os como ni&#241;os' si podemos probar que esto tiene una diferencia significativa del adulto. Ya sea que se pueda demostrar que los ni&#241;os son significativamente &#250;nicos (y, ciertamente, que lo son en relaci&#243;n con los adultos) de tal manera que sobre esa base se justifica un tratamiento diferente o, si no se puede probar que los ni&#241;os son diferentes de los adultos o si no se puede decir qui&#233;n es y qui&#233;n no es un ni&#241;o, entonces la segunda conclusi&#243;n debe ser que no podemos justificar que los ni&#241;os reciban un trato paternalista, y debemos, o bien rechazar la intervenci&#243;n paternalista del todo, o bien buscar un nuevo criterio sobre el que basar la aplicaci&#243;n de estas normas paternalistas agregadas. En el curso de este trabajo se examinar&#225; la naturaleza de la infancia, y tambi&#233;n su valor en materia de adscribir derechos y responsabilidad en asuntos relacionados con los j&#243;venes. En lugar de la edad y la infancia ser utilizadas como indicadores de capacidad y responsabilidad, se argumentar&#225; que una marca de la agencia de un individuo debe ser tomada y que esta deber&#237;a ser sostenida, independientemente de la edad del individuo en cuesti&#243;n. M&#225;s a&#250;n, se sugerir&#225; que esta agencia es espec&#237;fico en tareas. Este punto de vista conduce a ofrecer (tentativamente) m&#225;s derechos a los ni&#241;os que son agentes desarrollados. Sin embargo, est&#225; claro que la noci&#243;n de agencia desarrollada no s&#243;lo tiene connotaciones para los derechos de los ni&#241;os sino que tambi&#233;n debe haber correspondientes responsabilidades que conlleva ser un agente desarrollado.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Autonomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Responsibility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Autonomia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Agência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Direitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Responsabilidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Autonomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Derechos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Responsabilidad.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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