<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1984-5987</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Childhood & Philosophy]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[child.philo]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1984-5987</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1984-59872023000100208</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12957/childphilo.2023.70210</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The polylogical process model of (elementary-)philosophical education: an interdisciplinary framework that embeds P4wC into the constructivist theory of conceptual change/growth]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Modelo de proceso polilógico de la educación (elemental-)filosófica: un concepto interdisciplinario que integra la Filosofía para/con los niños en la teoría constructivista de cambio o crecimiento conceptual]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Modelo de processo polilógico de educação (elementar-)filosófica: um conceito interdisciplinar que integra a filosofia para/com crianças à teoria construtivista de mudança/crescimento conceitual]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Höller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Vienna  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vienna ]]></addr-line>
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1984-59872023000100208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1984-59872023000100208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1984-59872023000100208&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[abstract Although the Philosophy for/with Children (P4wC) movement seems to have overcome two major points of criticism, these critical concerns can still be found in the literature today. The first question is whether P4wC can be placed in the field of philosophy at all, and the second asks whether children possess the cognitive abilities necessary to engage in philosophical discourse. One of the more recent articles voicing these concerns is authored by Caroline Heinrich, who describes P4wC as &#8220;an assault on philosophy and an assault on children&#8221; and argues that P4wC is a &#8220;concept imposed by adults on children.&#8221; She maintains that P4wC ignores &#8220;children&#8217;s thinking, questioning and play.&#8221; Furthermore, Heinrich states that P4wC cannot be called philosophy because children are not able to philosophize. In most of her argumentation, refering to Jan Piaget&#8217;s theoretical account of the cognitive development of children. Although the P4wC discourse has already dealt with these questions over the last few decades, it seems that there is still a need for further clarification. This paper provides an overview of the main points of criticism, which form the starting point of the author&#8217;s Polylogical Process Model of (Elementary-)Philosophical Education (PPEE model). This interdisciplinary approach, which is based on the constructivist conceptual change/growth theory of Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer, attempts to add new perspectives to two central questions addressing the P4wC movement: first, can P4wC actually be called philosophy?; second, do children have the cognitive abilities to engage in philosophical discourse? In addition, the question arises as to which pedagogical considerations based on constructivist learning theory could be added to P4wC methodology? The aim of the interdisciplinary PPEE model is to build a broader scientific foundation that has the potential to reduce the main points of criticism of the P4wC movement.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen Aunque el movimiento de la filosofía para/con los Niños (Fp/cN) parece haber superado dos grandes puntos de crítica, estos interrogantes críticos siguen presentes en la literatura actual. La primera pregunta se refiere a si la Fp/cN puede situarse en el campo de la filosofía y la segunda trata de averiguar si niñas y niños tienen las capacidades cognitivas necesarias para participar en el discurso filosófico. Uno de las recientes críticas a este movimiento es traída por Caroline Heinrich (2017, 2020a, 2020b), quién describe la Fp/cN como &#8220;un asalto a la filosofía y a niñas y niños&#8221; (&#8220;Ein Angriff auf die Philosophie und ein Angriff auf das Kind&#8221;) y expone que la Fp/cN es &#8220;un concepto impuesto desde los adultos a niñas y niños&#8221; (&#8220;ein übergestülptes Konzept von Erwachsenen auf Kinder&#8221;). Asimismo, sostiene que la Fp/cN ignora &#8220;el pensamiento, cuestionamiento y el juego de niñas y niños&#8221;. Además, Heinrich argumenta que la Fp/cN no se puede llamar filosofía porque niñas y niños no son capaces de filosofar. En su argumento, Heinrich se basa en la teoría de Piaget (1920) sobre el desarrollo cognitivo de niñas y niños. Aunque el discurso de la Fp/cN ya se ha ocupado de estas cuestiones en las últimas décadas, parece que todavía es necesario ciertas aclaraciones. El conjunto de debates relativos a estas preguntas no puede representarse en un solo artículo. No obstante, lo que intento es ofrecer una visión general de algunas de las principales críticas y argumentos que constituyen el punto de partida de mis propias consideraciones y que pueden encontrarse en mi modelo de Proceso Polilógico de Educación (Elemental-) Filosófica (PPEE). Mi enfoque interdisciplinar, basado en la teoría constructivista del cambio/crecimiento conceptual de Stella Vosniadou y William Brewer (1992), intenta añadir nuevas perspectivas relacionadas con las principales preguntas en el movimiento P4wC. En primer lugar, ¿se puede llamar filosofía a la Fp/cN?; en segundo lugar, ¿tienen niñas y niños las capacidades cognitivas necesarias para participar en un discurso filosófico?. Por otro lado, se plantea la pregunta de qué consideraciones pedagógicas basadas en la teoría constructivista del aprendizaje podrían añadirse. El objetivo del modelo interdisciplinario PPEE es construir una base científica más amplia que reduzca las principales críticas de sus detractores al movimiento de la Fp/cN (P4wC).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[resumo Embora o movimento de Filosofia para/com Crianças (Fp/cC) pareça ter superado as duas maiores críticas a seu respeito, essas questões ainda podem ser encontradas na literatura recente. A primeira pergunta é se a Filosofia para/com Crianças pode ser considerada um campo da filosofia; a segunda questiona se as crianças possuem as habilidades cognitivas necessárias para participarem ativamente de um debate filosófico. Uma das mais recentes críticas sobre o movimento é o artigo escrito por Caroline Heinrich (2017, 2020a, 2020b), que descreve a Fp/cC como &#8220;um ataque à filosofia e às crianças&#8221; (&#8220;Ein Angriff auf die Philosophie und ein Angriff auf das Kind&#8221;) e afirma que a Fp/cC é um &#8220;conceito imposto pelos adultos às crianças&#8221; (&#8220;ein übergestülptes Konzept von Erwachsenen auf Kinder&#8221;). Ela sustenta, ainda, que a Fp/cC ignora &#8220;o pensamento, o questionamento e o jogo infantil&#8221;. Além disso, Heinrich afirma que a Fp/cC não pode ser chamada de filosofia, porque as crianças não são capazes de filosofar. Em grande parte de sua argumentação, Heinrich se refere à teoria de Piaget sobre os estágios de desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil. Apesar do discurso da Fp/cC já ter se ocupado dessas questões nas últimas décadas, ainda parece ser necessário certos esclarecimentos. O conjunto dos debates relacionados a essas perguntas certamente não pode ser ilustrado em um único artigo. Apesar disso, espero que esse trabalho ofereça uma visão geral das principais críticas e argumentações, que são o ponto de partida das minhas próprias considerações - que podem ser encontradas em meu modelo de Processo Polilogico de Educação (Elementar-)Filosófica (Modelo PPEE). Minha abordagem interdisciplinar, baseada na teoria construtivista de mudança conceitual de Stella Vosniadou e William Brewer (1992), busca acrescentar novas perspectivas para as principais questões do movimento de Fp/cC: primeiro, pode a Fp/cC ser realmente chamada de filosofia?; segundo, as crianças têm habilidades cognitivas para se engajarem em um debate filosófico? Em adição, surge a seguinte pergunta: &#8220;Quais considerações pedagógicas baseadas na teoria construtivista de aprendizagem poderiam ser acrescentadas?&#8221;. O objetivo do modelo interdisciplinar PPEE é criar uma base científica ampla que reduza os principais pontos de críticas ao movimento de Fp/cC.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[philosophy for/with children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criticism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conceptual change/growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[constructivist theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polylogical Process Model of (Elementary-)Philosophical Education (PPEE).]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[filosofía para/con niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio/crecimiento conceptual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teoría constructivista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo del Proceso Polilógico Elemental Filosófico (PPEE).]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[filosofia para/com crianças]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[críticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mudança/crescimento conceitual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[teoria construtivista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[modelo de Processo Polilógico de Educação (Elementar-)Filosófica (PPEE).]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brüning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophieren mit sechs- bis achtjährigen Kindern in der außerschulischen Erziehung. Überlegungen zu einem handlungsorientierten Ansatz unter Berücksichtigung praktischer Erfahrungen]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brüning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Was ist ein Traum? fragt Jonas. Praktische Vorschläge zum Philosophieren im Kindergarten]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Philosophie und Ethik. Philosophieren mit Kindern III]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>44-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How the child&#8216;s mind develops]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daniel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marie-France]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gagnon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathieu]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development Process of Dialogical Critical Thinking in Groups of Pupils Aged 4 to 12 Years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Creative Education]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>418-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Englhart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelle und Perspektiven der Kinderphilosophie]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Agentur Dieck]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frank]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dahne]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lory]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Debra]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socrates in the schools: Gains at three-year follow-up]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Philosophy in Schools]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>5-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joyce]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empirical data research into the claims of using philosophy techniques with young children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Early Childhood Development and Care]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>115-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gadamer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans-Georg]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wahrheit und Methode. Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mohr Siebeck]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gregory]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maughn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophy for children. Where are we now?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Saeed]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosnani]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[History, Theory and Practice of Philosophy for Children. International Perspektives]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>207-21</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Roultledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hope]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental Research in Philosophy for Children. Appendix B]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ann Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy in the classroom]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<page-range>217-2224</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Tempel University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophieren mit Kindern - eine Kritik in kooperativer Absicht]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woppowa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tuba]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kammayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katharina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peters]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kooperativer Religionsunterricht. Fragen - Optionen - Wege]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>154-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kinderphilosophie ohne Entwicklungspsychologie. Matthews ´Philosophieren mit Kindern´ und seine Kritik an Piaget]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berner-Zumpf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teichert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alle Tassen fliegen hoch. Eine Kritik der Kinderphilosophie]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
<page-range>28-39</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz Juventa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8217;Philosophieren mit Kindern` - ein Angriff auf das Kind]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berner-Zumpf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teichert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alle Tassen fliegen hoch. Eine Kritik der Kinderphilosophie]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
<page-range>102-26</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz Juventa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gudrun]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kindliche Entwicklungsprozesse beim Philosophieren mit Kindern. Eine empirische Studie zu Ungewissheit und Mehrperspektivität]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Budrich UniPress]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burnor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ashby]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy for Children. Hawaii P4C. The Start-up Kit © Lessons for Beginngers]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Viktor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophy for Children and Children for Philosophy: Possibilities and Problems]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smeyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Handbook of Philosophy of Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>1149-61</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karadag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Filiz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demirtas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vesile Yldiiz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effectiveness of The Philosophy with Children Curriculum on Critical Thinking Skills of Pre-School Children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Education and Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>195</numero>
<issue>195</issue>
<page-range>1-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitchener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Denken Kinder philosophisch?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berner-Zumpf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teichert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alle Tassen fliegen hoch! Eine Kritik der Kinderphilosophie]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>57-75</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz Juventa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy in the Classroom]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Temple University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Über den philosophischen Stil von Kindern]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Philosophie]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>3-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophy: Educational programs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camhy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Children: Thinking and Philosophy - Das philosophische Denken von Kindern. Kongreßband des 5]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>13-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bierman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Appendix B: Experimental Research in Philosophy for Children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ann Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oscanyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frederick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy in the Classroom]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<month>a</month>
<page-range>217-24</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Tempel University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ann Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oscanyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frederick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy in the Classroom]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tempel University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ekkehard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophie als Unterrichtsfach und Unterrichtsprinzip]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karlfeidrich]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Höfling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Siegfried]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiesheu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roswitha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kinder philosophieren. Argumente und Materialien zum Zeitgeschehen]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>131-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ekkehard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Methodik des Ethik- und Philosophieunterrichts. Philosophieren als elementare Kulturtechnik]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seibert Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matthews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gareth B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Denkproben. Philosophische Ideen jüngerer Kinder]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matthews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gareth B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophische Gespräche mit Kindern]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Freese]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer-Drawe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Käte]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vom anderen lernen. Phänomenologische Betrachtungen in der Pädagogik. Klaus Schaller zum siebzigsten Geburtstag]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brinkmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Malte]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Deutsche Gegenwartspädagogik]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>85-98</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Schneider Verlag Hohengehren]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michalik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kerstin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empirische Forschung zu Wirkungen des Philosophierens mit Kindern auf die Entwicklung von Kindern, Lehrkräften und Unterricht]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Boer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heike]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michalik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kerstin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophieren mit Kindern - Forschungszugänge und -perspektiven]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>13-32</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Budrich]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can children do philosophy?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Philosophy of Education]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>261-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niewiem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Über die Möglichkeiten des &#8221;Philosophierens mit Kindern und Jugendlichen&#8221; Auffassungen aus zweieinhalb Jahrtausenden]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Waxmann]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfeiffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reformpädagogische Konzepte. Geschichte und Theorie der Frühpädagogik. Frühe Bildung und Erziehung]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piaget]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Die Philosophie der Kinder]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berner-Zumpf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teichert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Alle Tassen fliegen hoch. Eine Kritik der Kinderphilosophie]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>40-56</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz Juventa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Picard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[But is it Philosophy? Critical Reflections on Social Reasoning and Café Philosophie]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fatic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aleksandar]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lydia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Practicing Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>163-81</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rohbeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johannes]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Didaktik der Philosophie und Ethik]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dresden]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kersten]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Konstruktivistische Didaktik. Lehr- und Studienbuch mit Methodenpool]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sasserville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Selfesteem, logical skills and philosophy for children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thinking]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>30-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schäfer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerd]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Was ist frühkindliche Bildung? Kindlicher Anfängergeist in einer Kultur des Lernens]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Juventa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigurborsdottir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ingibjörg]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Philosophy with children in Foldaborg. Development project in Foldaborg, a preschool in Reykjavik for children from 1-6 years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Early Childhood]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>14-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sodian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beate]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Denken]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wolfgang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lindenberger]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Entwicklungspsychologie]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>385-411</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Beltz Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trickey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steve]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topping]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keith]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8217;Philosophy for children&#8217;: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Papers in Education]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>355-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trickey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steve]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An evaluation of philosophical enquiry: a process for achieving the future curriculum?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gifted Education International]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>258-65</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tulis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Konzeptverändernde Psychologiedidaktik - Eine Fortführung der Überlegungen von Seiffge-Krenke]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geiß]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuils]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychologie unterrichten. Fachdidaktische Grundlagen für Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>158-86</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Budrich]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[UNESCO]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophieren - eine Schule der Freiheit. Philosophieren mit Kindern weltweit und in Deutschland]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Glaserfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernst]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theorie der kognitiven Entwicklung. Das Werk Jean Piagets - Einführung in die Genetische Episteminologie]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pörksen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernhard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schlüsselwerke des Konstruktivismus]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vosniadou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stella]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brewer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mental Models of the Earth: A Study of Conceptual Change in Childhood]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cognitive Psychology]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>535-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vosniadou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stella]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How children learn. Educational Practives Series 7]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNESCO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Back to the Future in Philosophical Dialogue: A Plea for Changing P4C Teacher Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Analytic Teaching and Philosophical Praxis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steve]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluating the effects of Philosophical Enquiry in a secondary school. Village Community School Philosophy for Children Project]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Derbyshire County Council]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wimmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franz Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Interkulturelle Philosophie: Eine Einführung]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UTB Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wittgenstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ludwig]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Wekrausgabe Band 1. Tractatus logicus-philosophicus. Tagebücher 1914-1916. Philosophische Untersuchungen]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Shurkamp Taschenbuch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zoller-Morf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eva]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selber denken macht schlau. Philosophieren mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Anregungen für Schule und Elternhaus]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zytglog]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
