<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2178-4612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Conjectura: Filosofia e Educação]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Conjectura: filos. e Educ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2178-4612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidade de Caxias do Sul]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2178-46122020000100130</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18226/21784612.v25.e020038</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O homem de Piltdown e o ceticismo organizado na ciência]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Piltdown man and organized skepticism in science]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guilherme Brambatti]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valderez Marina do Rosário]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Universidade de Caxias do Sul ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2178-46122020000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2178-46122020000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2178-46122020000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Em 1912, um conjunto de fragmentos de crânio, mandíbula e dentes foi apresentado na Inglaterra como pertencente a um ancestral do Homo sapiens. A nova espécie, batizada de Eoanthropus dawsoni &#8211; o &#8220;Homem de Piltdown&#8221; &#8211;, foi tratada como uma das descobertas mais extraordinárias da antropologia até então: finalmente, um hominídeo havia sido encontrado em solo inglês, e seu status era ainda maior por ser uma espécie da qual a nossa teria supostamente se originado. Quatro décadas depois, no entanto, a fraude foi exposta: os vestígios do Homem de Piltdown haviam sido montados a partir de um crânio humano com mandíbula e dentes de orangotangos. As razões para a aceitação imediata da espécie entre os ingleses foram, provavelmente, as expectativas e os desejos de cientistas em ter o seu país como o berço da humanidade, e também o fato de que o espécime de Piltdown corroborava ideias aceitas na época a respeito da evolução humana. Apesar disso, como, então, sabemos hoje que o Homem de Piltdown é uma fraude? Argumentamos que a resposta a essa questão está no conceito de ceticismo organizado. O ceticismo organizado é um dos componentes do ethos científico propostos pelo sociólogo Robert Merton, um elemento institucional que envolve procedimentos de avaliação e revisão da prática e das ideias científicas feitas a partir de uma comunidade de investigação. No presente artigo, examinamos como o trabalho de uma comunidade de investigação foi fundamental para o desnudamento da farsa do Homem de Piltdown e, em um segundo momento, discutimos o que o ceticismo organizado pode nos ensinar a respeito da natureza da ciência e de nossos próprios processos de raciocínio cotidianos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In 1912, a set of fragments of a skull, a mandible, and teeth was presented in England as parts of an ancestor species of Homo sapiens. The new species, named Eoanthropus dawsoni &#8211; the &#8220;Piltdown Man&#8221; &#8211;, was regarded as one of the most extraordinary discoveries in anthropology so far: a hominid had been finally found on English soil, and its status was even greater because it was a species from which our own species supposedly originates. Four decades later, however, the hoax was exposed: the rests of the Piltdown Man had been assembled with the use of a human skull with mandible and teeth from orangutans. The reasons for the rapid acceptance of the species by English scientists were probably their expectations and desire in having their own country as the cradle of humanity, and also the fact that the Piltdown specimen corroborated ideas about human evolution that were accepted at that time. In spite of that, how do we know now that the Piltdown Man is a hoax? We argue that the answer relies on the concept of organized skepticism. Organized skepticism is a component of the scientific ethos proposed by sociologist Robert Merton, an institutional aspect of science that involves procedures of evaluation and revision of scientific practices and ideas made by a community of inquiry. In the present paper, we examine how the work of a community of inquiry was essential for the debunking of the Piltdown Man hoax, and later we discuss what the idea of organized skepticism may teach us about the nature of science and our own daily reasoning processes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ceticismo organizado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Natureza da Ciência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Fraude científica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Organized skepticism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nature of Science]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scientific hoax]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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