Introduction

This article, produced in the field of History of Education, aims to map a set of bookstores and sebos in Curitiba, which are understood as one of the circuits of production and circulation of knowledge and culture in the cities, besides being a means of production and intellectual promotion. In the specific case of sebos, they are also understood as spaces of memory, either maintenance or production. The study also intends to contribute to the studies on printed matter, paying attention to the circuits of production and circulation of this type of material.

In this paper, we understand the bookstore as a space that irradiates different cultural and literary circles due to the various profiles of existing bookstores, which demonstrates that from them, as well as from sebos, it is possible to apprehend aspects of the cultural, social and intellectual life of a city (^{Bragança, 2009}). Bookstores are spaces of the cultural circuit since they divulge cultural productions and establish themselves as a sociability space of potential intellectuality. In the same way, they can reach a myriad of people due to the several options offered in the catalogs.

From the methodological point of view, this paper traces a mapping based on consultation conducted on the internet, blogs, social networks, and cultural guides about Curitiba. The mapping of bookstores and sebos was based on different criteria. For bookstores, we mapped those that offer spaces for debates and lectures for the public - whether these events are small or large - but mainly those that serve as a space for fostering intellectual production. In the case of sebos, because many of them do not open space for debates and events as bookstores do, we conducted a survey among blogs and cultural guides and mapped the sebos that are mentioned in different articles, which is an indication of the importance of these spaces for the various subjects that circulate through this medium.

In addition, a bibliographical study was also carried out to identify where the research on bookstores and sebos has been going to contribute to the research in this field and narrow down some fundamental theoretical paths for the analysis of the material surveyed. Therefore, the article is divided into two parts: the first part is a dive into the historiography of education in an attempt to establish the state of the art⁵ of sebos and bookstores as objects of study in the field; the second part is a cartography and an analysis of the spaces mapped. This cartography did not intend to inventory all these spaces in the city. Some principles that guided this research were established in the search for building a possible circuit to be investigated more densely, widened, and problematized. Indeed, the result is incomplete, but it opens the way for other investigations in this direction and provokes other looks and readings about the city of Curitiba, but not only. We think that this movement can be extended to any place. After all, all cities have their paths of printed culture, reading, written memory, and networks of intellectual sociability to be scrutinized.

Sebos and bookstores as research objects

As the article is produced in History of Education, we started from this field to do the bibliographical survey. However, research on sebos and bookstores as objects is still embryonic, so we only found two articles in journals in the field. These were 'The Garnier Bookstore and the History of Children's Books in Brazil: Genesis and formation of a literary field’ (A livraria Garnier e a história dos livros infantis no Brasil: gênese e formação de um campo literário -1858-1920), by Andréa Bordes ^{Leão (2007}), in History of Education Journal (Revista História da Educação), of ASPHE, which analyzes the collections present in the catalog of Livraria Garnier directed to children and adolescents, and how the work performed by the owners of this space helped in the education of the literary taste of young people; the other article, 'The Franciscans in Paraíba: religious education, instruction and conventual bookstore (Os franciscanos na Paraiba: formação religiosa, instrução e livraria conventual 18th and 19th century)', by Carla Mary de ^{Oliveira (2017}), in History of Education Journal (Revista História da Educação), investigates the collection of the bookstore of the Franciscan order in Paraíba and the importance of the conventual bookstores for the teaching activities performed by the Franciscans.

We researched the publications of three other periodicals, Cadernos de História da Educação, Revista Brasileira de História da Educação, and Revista História e Historiografia da Educação. Still, we found no additional work on the theme. We also consulted the Annals of the last three Brazilian Congresses on the History of Education, but none were published.

In a query to the Capes dissertation and thesis database, using the descriptors 'sebos,' 'bookstores,' and 'sebos/bookstores,' we found eight studies that mobilize sebos and bookstores as research objects in different areas produced in the last two decades, five of them in Education, two in Social Sciences, and one in History. In the field of education, the first paper is by ^{Santos (2004}), entitled 'Among china, pianos, books and printed matter: The blue book house' (Entre louças, pianos, livros e impressos: A casa livro azul- 1876-1958), which was published as a book and investigates the forms of advertisement and advertising developed byCasa Livro Azulin a context in which it was still entering a process of familiarization with the typographic and bookstore culture; ^{Delgado (2007}), on the other hand, produced the dissertation that also became the book 'Sentimental cartography of sebos and books' (Cartografia sentimental de sebos e livros), which is a work that contributes to the History of Books and Reading in Brazil, and that brings the history of sebos andsebistas⁶ practices; ^{Segovia (2014}), in turn, wrote the dissertation 'The role played by Universal Bookstore in the city of Pelotas from 1887 to 1934' (O papel desempenhado pela Livraria Universal na cidade de Pelotas no período de 1887 a 1934), in which he analyzed the action and the relevance ofLivraria Universalfor Pelotas, identifying this space as a reading diffuser center in the city.

The thesis by ^{Rochetti (2012}), ‘Book Rental Readers’ (Leitores de locadora de livros), does not precisely use sebos or bookstores as research objects but book rental stores. Although it is not the object of this work, we still highlight the author's research because she investigates reading practices characteristic of sebos, a space where there is a circulation of papers among people and the sharing of these cultural productions. In another master's degree work, 'Non-formal Education and oral history in Mosaic: visions and listening to the Sebo Wise, Americana - SP' (Educação não-formal e história oral em mosaico: visões e escutas para o sebo Sapiente, Americana - SP,), written by ^{Scalisse (2020}), the author researches non-formal education and educational aspects present in a sebo in the city of Americana/SP and the digital platform Padlet. To achieve his objectives, Scalisse (2020) used the methodology of Oral History with a qualitative approach.

The work found in History is also a thesis investigating to what extent thesebistas' experiences in Fortaleza, active between the 1960s and 2000s, impacted the construction of consumers' knowledge about the book trade in the city. The research also analyzes the individual and collective identities of thesebistas. Finally, the two papers produced in Social Sciences are two dissertations. The first, ‘Beco da Lama: forms and Colors of a Plastic of Life’ (Beco da Lama: formas e cores de uma plástica da vida), was written by ^{Façanha (2014}), who researches a place known asBeco da Lamain the city of Natal/RN and investigates the cultural productions and artistic processes experienced in the area, which has several bars and sebos that offer exhibitions and other cultural events. From there, the author investigates how spaces such as these enable a new form of production and consumption of cultural and artistic practices. At last, ^{Frederico (2020}) explores in 'The Street of Books: a multi-sited cartography of the literarygarimpoand commerce in Rio de Janeiro' (A Rua do Livros: cartografia multissituada do garimpo e comércio literário no Rio de Janeiro) the books that are read, reread, bought, and resold in the cities and the spaces that these works travel along the way. In her work, the author highlights the role of sebos, antique booksellers, and booksellers that help in this process.

There are papers in the area of History and also of Communication, in which this theme appears more presently, that deserve to be mentioned here, including for having been constituted as the theoretical contributions used in this text, such as the book ‘A Short Historical Guide to Brazilian Bookstores’ (Pequeno Guia Histórico das Livrarias Brasileiras), by ^{Machado (2008}), which maps several bookstores that existed in Brazil since the colonial period until today, and the book ‘Brasilianas: José Olympio and the Genesis of the Brazilian Editorial Framework,’ (Brasilianas: José Olympio e o Gênese do Marco Editorial Brasileiro) by ^{Sorá (2010}), which researches the José Olympio Bookstore publishing house and demonstrates how the relationship of intellectuals in the 1930s to 1940s was with the publishing house and bookstore. Aníbal ^{Bragança (2009}), in ‘The Ideal Bookstore: from Cordel⁷ to Bibliophilia’ (A Livraria Ideal: do Cordel à bibliofilia), analyzes the trajectory of the Italian bookseller Mônaco Silvestre, whose work as a sebista and bookseller culminated in the Ideal Bookstore, which became a meeting place for Niterói's intellectuals and a space for dissemination and irradiation of culture in the city. The author presents the bookstore as "[...] a space of cultural experiences, rich of suggestions for a cultural history and of the reception of printed texts" (^{Bragança, 2009}, p. 204).

In the paper by ^{Baptistini (2017}), ‘Reminiscences of the importing bookstore Leonardo da Vinci in the political-cultural Experience of the City of Rio de Janeiro’ (Reminiscências da livraria importadora Leonardo da Vinci na vivência político-cultural da cidade do Rio de Janeiro), the trajectory of the Leonardo Da Vinci Bookstore is analyzed and how the space became involved with the intellectual life of the city and transformed into a cultural circuit. In the paper, the author demonstrates how the place shapes identity, his or his clients, and how the bookstore can be considered a long-cycle cultural enterprise based on Pierre Bourdieu's concept. ^{Pajeú and Sobral (2019}), in ‘The re-signification of the public square and the Sebo as places of cultural mediation’ (A ressignificação da praça pública e do sebo como lugares de mediação cultural) research the Praça do Sebo in Recife, a unique space in the city, which houses 19 boxes selling used, new, rare, and antique books. Sebos and bookstores are spaces for the circulation and promotion of culture and cultural productions since they are places where intellectuals can meet and develop their social networks and establish contacts for other projects. Sebos provide access to written memory because they keep what might have been lost over the years. Thus, the importance of sebos for maintaining and constructing a written memory and accessing all kinds of books, both in closed and open places, such as public squares, is evident.

Other research highlights the relevance of the space that sebos, and bookstores offer for the production of knowledge and promotes debates that foster local intellectuality, for example, the work of ^{Silva (2013}a, ²⁰¹³b). This author investigates the sebistas in Natal and the spaces of intellectual sociability, reaffirming the importance of sebos and bookstores for producing knowledge and as a space for conviviality.

The research found, highlights the value of sebos and bookstores as places that have enabled the cultural and intellectual production of the community over the years. Numerous intellectuals of various generations have passed through the multiple sebos and bookstores in different cities, and these spaces have become places of intellectual production and circulation of cultural goods, where debates and discussions that help in the city's development occur.

In this way, these papers demonstrate where the discussions aboutsebosand bookstores as objects or sources of historical research have been going, besides allowing us to observe the impact and importance they had in the formation of the intellectuality of a specific place, functioning as spaces of sociability for different generations. ^{Baptistini (2017}), who researches a bookstore in Rio de Janeiro, and ^{Silva (2013}a), whose object is the spaces of sociability in the city of Natal, pointed this out. It also indicates that even if in different locations, sebos and bookshops play a relevant role in intellectual production and the construction of ties and contacts between other subjects and agents acting within society - these spaces have yet to be explored in our historiography.

However, "[...] in the study of intellectuals it is necessary to turn to the places, the means and the networks of sociability, to try to understand the intellectuals in their circumstances of production and performance" (^{Silva, 2013}a, p. 2). Understanding these spaces, the discussions they fostered, the subjects who frequented them, and the authors they put into circulation can give us clues to the enthusiasm of specific movements for the circulation of ideas that drove generations of intellectuals throughout history and contributed to forming a collective cultural repertoire.

Sebos and bookstores in Curitiba: spaces for sociability and intellectual production

With the mapping, we cataloged 23 establishments, six sebos, six stores that function as both sebos and bookstores and eleven bookstores. The production of Table 1 was to facilitate the visualization and cataloging of each sebo and bookstore by presenting brief information about each location. The information about each Sebo or bookstore was collected in 2019 from direct contact with each establishment or through articles from cultural guides on the internet in which they are referenced. Thus, we arrived at the following set, as shown in Table 1.

Based on the mapping and cataloging of sebos and bookstores, we divided the analysis into three stages, the first of which will analyze the bookstores and the different profiles that exist in Curitiba; the second will examine sebos-bookstores, which are stores that carry out both activities; and, finally, the city's sebos, identified as spaces of memory.

The first bookstores analyzed are those with a national presence: Livrarias Curitiba, Livraria Saraiva, Livraria da Vila, Livraria Cultural, and Top Livros. In the case of Livraria Saraiva, the chain also plays the role of a publisher, and except in the case of Top Livros, the other bookstores have mega-stores with extensive catalogs, ranging from books and stationery items to electronic and computer products. Although this feature is relatively new, being the most common practice in the 21st century, the role of these bookstores remains the same: the marketing of products and cultural goods.

Again, apart from Top Livros, the other four bookstores play a role similar to that of Livraria Da Vinci, studied by ^{Baptistini (2017}), or Livraria Ideal, researched by ^{Bragança (2009}), which were spaces where intellectual debates and lectures took place, characterized as a place of production of a local intellectuality. In the case of Livraria da Vinci, ^{Baptistini (2017}) highlights that the bookstore occupies a space in the memory of the city's intellectuality, a position similar, perhaps, to that occupied by Livrarias Curitiba in the city. Top Livros, on the other hand, fosters cultural and intellectual production as it produces fairs in different locations around the country at low prices, thus helping to democratize access to information and books.

Three other bookstores promote debates and provide spaces for events that foment intellectual production and make possible the formation of sociability networks by ideological affinities: the Vertov Bookstore, which offers lectures, book launches and identifies itself as being an independent bookstore, it is markedly feminist; the Dario Vellozo Bookstore, which is linked to the Curitiba City Hall, also functions as a place to lend books, as well as opening space for book launches; and the Solar do Rosário Express Bookstore, more focused on Art, which, like the other two, also promotes debates and other cultural events. However, in its specific case, it has a place to have coffee, as occurs in other bookstores, a favorable space to stimulate the formation of networks and cultural and intellectual exchanges due to the ambiance focused on sociability that it provides.

In this way, despite the breadth of the networks and the variety of the catalog of these different bookstores, they still keep the essential characteristics of a bookstore, the marketing of books and access to reading, in the same way that occurred with the bookstores studied by ^{Bragança (2009}) and ^{Baptistini (2017}). Another characteristic element is that practically all the stores have open spaces for debates and lectures, which fosters local intellectual and social production.

About bookstores that also exercise the function of the publisher, perhaps the leading case in the country's history is the Livraria José Olympio Editora, analyzed by ^{Sorá (2010}), which demonstrates how authors between the 1930s and 1940s sought to publish and participate in the circuit promoted by José Olympio. In this bookstore profile, three fits: Saraiva, Arte & Letra, and Livraria do Chain. In the case of the first is part of an extensive network that is Saraiva Bookstores, and is present throughout the national market, while Arte & Letra has an action focused on the promotion and production of artists from Paraná; besides offering lectures and debates, it also has a café that works as a reading room and as a social space, which has already become a reference in the city. These bookstores promote the city's production and intellectual debate, allowing new authors to emerge and gain projection. Livraria do Chain deserves some attention because of its relationship with Curitiba. One can say that its history is very much articulated with the city's history.

When ^{Soares (2006}) presentsLivraria José Olympioin its Rio de Janeiro unit, inaugurated in 1934, the author highlights the intellectuals who frequented the bookstore and the importance of this sociability space for the scholars of the country's capital at the time. This bookstore, which also functioned as a publishing house, was where all the great writers should publish their works. Given due measure, Livraria do Chain in Curitiba has a similar history. Since its foundation in 1970 next to the Federal University of Paraná, the bookstore has accompanied the formation of several generations of intellectuals in the state and, given the comments and testimonials present in the store's social networks, the affective bonds and the recognition that its frequenters have concerning the bookstore are notorious. In this sense, Livraria do Chain compares itself, to some extent, to Livraria José Olympio, due to its role within Curitiba and in publishing books by local authors. Given its action as a bookstore, Livraria do Chain can also be compared to Livraria Ideal, researched by ^{Bragança (2009}), because, besides keeping books and helping in the construction of a written memory, it helps in the dissemination and circulation of new works, encouraging reading and local intellectual production.

About the characteristic of bookstores as spaces that promote the meeting of intellectuals of a given locality, ^{Silva (2013}b, p. 257) states that:

[...] different from the academy of those immortalized in the Brazilian literary universe, spaces such as cafés and bookstores are environments elected by groups of intellectuals to serve as meeting points. The cafés and bookstores were created, respectively, to sell coffee and sweets and to sell books. However, these environments were appropriated as meeting spaces for groups of literates excluded from the official gathering center of this group of intellectuals [...] (Translated by the author).

Therefore, even though the highlight of some research may be the practice of the intellectual and his actions, it is also necessary to investigate the spaces that these subjects circulated and frequented because, with this, it becomes possible to perceive the influences they received and the ties and contacts that are built throughout the different trajectories.

Besides the bookstores mentioned above, some have a defined profile and a specific public, which are the cases of Itiban Comic Shop, with a catalog focused on the universe of comics and part of pop culture; and Livraria Nav, which specializes in children's literature, its catalog is geared to children. There is also Joaquim Livros & Discos bookstore, whose catalog is directed to Human Sciences and offers products that interest this specific public, besides having a bar inside. Thus, if there were bookstores specialized in French or German literature at some point during the 20th century, as ^{Machado (2008}) demonstrates, currently other cultural brands are reconfiguring the profile of the bookstores for their readers, indicating specific market niches with a very well-constructed identity, as we can see in the information found in the cultural guides.

As for the establishments that operate as sebos-bookstores, these perform a double function, as they both publicize new papers and foster discussions in their spaces and as places of memory and written productions. The sebos-bookstores found wereLivraria do Chain,Livraria Papirus,Arcádia Sebo & Café,Astral Livraria e Sebo,21 Sebo & Livraria, andSebo-Livraria RS. These stores that function as Sebo and bookstore are possible to be thought of as it was done with Livraria do Chainbefore, comparing it toLivraria Ideal, analyzed by ^{Bragança (2009}), which started its work as a Sebo, which enabled the access and maintenance of works that could be lost over the years. There is a highlight toArcádia Sebo & Café, which maintains in its store a café and promotes events and discussions on cultural topics, contributing to boosting the intellectual and social production of the city, adopting a remarkable characteristic of bookstores, but with the difference of practicing affordable prices, which extends the democratization of culture not only by access to the book as a cultural asset, but to a more inclusive and plural intellectual environment.

Finally, the sebos mapped were Sebo Só Ler, Fígaro Livros Usados, Sebo Líder, Sebo Kapricho and Túnel do Tempo Livros Usados. These places are understood in this paper as memory spaces as defined by ^{Nora (1993}, p. 13):

The places of memory are born and live from the feeling that there is no spontaneous memory, that it is necessary to create archives, and that it is essential to maintain anniversaries, organize celebrations, pronounce funeral eulogies, and take notes because these operations are unnatural. So, the defense, by minorities, of a refugee memory on privileged and jealously guarded focuses does nothing more than bring the truth of all places of remembrance to incandescence. Without commemorative vigilance, history would soon sweep them away. They are bastions on which it stands. But if what they stand for was not threatened, there would be no need to build them. If we truly lived the memories they involve, they would be useless. And if, on the other hand, history didn't take possession of them to deform, transform, knead, and petrify them, they wouldn't become places of memory. This coming and going constitutes them as moments of history torn out of the movement of history but returned to it. No longer entirely life, no longer altogether death, like the shells on the beach when the sea withdraws from living memory. (Translated by the author)

Sebos are places where we keep this memory. They are works and products of temporality that survive thanks to the action of people who live in another historical context but who work to maintain traces and marks of past periods. Keeping the memory and allowing other generations to have direct access to what could have been lost over time but which remains stored and available to be read and handled by younger people is essential. The mapping of Sebos and the problematization of the role of these spaces can be thought of based on the study by ^{Bragança (2009}, p. 204), who demonstrates the constitution of Sebos as "[...] a space of cultural experiences, rich in suggestions for cultural history and the reception of printed texts”.

We considered the role of memory of the sebos during the bibliographical survey while we were doing state-of-the-art research. In ^{Martinelli's (2008}) dissertation, the author points out that to conduct his research on reading practices and forms of reading, a survey of books found in bookstores was carried out, and he draws attention to the importance of this type of collection that often keeps, due to the specificity of its product (used books), marks of uses and appropriations of readers.

Regarding the role of the sebistas themselves, ^{Pajeú and Sobral (2019}, p. 252) state that "[...] the activity of an antiquarian bookseller goes beyond trivial commerce, as there is responsibility with the readers, a delicacy with the history of the book, a concern for reading, and an attentive courteousness with the dissemination of information [... ]", and that, alongside booksellers and librarians, sebistas also perform a function of cultural mediators in their practice, because, after all, "[...] regardless of the thematic axis the sebista works, he is always indicating, suggesting, sharing experiences, talking to his customer, that is, also assuming the identity of a cultural mediator” (^{Pajeú & Sobral, 2019}, p. 250).

Based on ^{Gomes and Hansen (2016}), cultural mediation is studied as actions for the production of cultural goods that help to think about reality and influence the understanding of the world of different subjects that act in society. With this definition, in the same way that sebistas and booksellers can be considered cultural mediators, the bookstores and sebos themselves can be identified as spaces of cultural mediation that have occupied the city scene, marking the landscape in a particular way, radiating an intellectual aura that contributes to the construction of an image of the city and its inhabitants.

Thinking about the occupation of this space, we tried to draw two maps in an attempt to apprehend the main parts of the city where these sebos and bookstores are located, trying to grasp clues about the circulation of the public that frequented them as a possible route of many meetings and mismatches. Connecting the dots, and with the help of Google Maps, we drew the following itinerary of bookstores in Curitiba, according to Figure 1.

Source: Path built on Google Maps site

Figure 1 Circuit of bookstores in Curitiba 

In the circuit drawn, we highlight that the network Livrarias Curitiba has seven stores in the city, six of which are in Malls, according to information available on the institutional website; and we put only the street unit of the network on the map. Furthermore, we must mention that Top Livros is separate from the map because the chain has the practice of making exhibitions in different locations, not having a defined physical store.

The map presented in Figure 2 shows that the sebos and sebos-bookstores are concentrated in a close circuit, occupying almost the same perimeter but firmly located around the city center. The latter, an area of high circulation and a more plural space from the socioeconomic and cultural point of view allows access to different reader profiles. The concentration in the city's central region configures a circuit that can be easily covered on foot, except for a few that advance to more noble areas, a little more distant, but without invalidating the path of the public that searches these spaces.

Thus, it is clear that sebos, sebos-bookstores, and bookstores occupy the central region of Curitiba, spreading throughout traditional, middle- and upper-class areas of the city, especially those with cafés. And here, a question arises: are these spaces meant for people who love reading or for readers from a particular social stratum? This question can also be extended to mall bookstores since they do not skimp on having a large store, as shown on their websites.

Perhaps, due to their characteristics as a space to access memory and store historical materiality, in addition to their more accessible cost and more plural configuration, the sebos that operate in street stores, even when located in upscale areas of the city, remain indicatively a more democratic space for access to knowledge.

Whether as places of memory or as means of circulation and dissemination of intellectual productions, sebos, and bookshops occupy an important place in the life of cities by fostering an intellectuality and the construction of knowledge and cultural goods, besides being valuable spaces for the construction of sociability and strengthening of intellectual ties.

Source: path built on Google Maps site

Figure 2 Circuit of sebos and sebos-bookstores in Curitiba 

The investigated spaces help us better understand the circulation circuit of cultural goods in Curitiba, such as the book, but who are the readers that each one of these places wants to build? Although this is not a question we can answer within the limits of this text, it is relevant to leave it open so that we do not lose sight of the possible places of formation of intellectual cadres as fomenters of ideas and projects.

Final considerations

The purpose of this article is to map a group of sebos and bookstores in Curitiba to investigate these spaces as means of circulation and production of cultural goods that have been fostering the construction of a part of the local intellectuality of the city of Curitiba, Paraná state. In dialogue with authors of the History of Books and Reading, we paid attention to these spaces seeking to perceive their importance to the cultural life of Curitiba by the mediation they exercise among readers, as well as by the permanent fomentation of the intellectual life of the city, or by the releases, the reissues or the diffusion of rare works and promotion of spaces that allow conviviality, the exchange of ideas and the construction of affective and ideological ties that work as a basis for the establishment of sociability networks.

Bookstores and sebos mark the landscape of a city in many ways. They bring together readers, authors, and the curious and open the way for accessing, maintaining, and disseminating knowledge through the books and other reading materials they sell. They are the true centers of various cultural and intellectual circles and an essential circuit for printed culture and the academic life of the city. The formation in these spaces, far from being in the realm of formality, indicates the various paths of education. However, in the History of Education, these spaces have yet to be figured as research objects, appearing tangentially - and more frequently - in papers about intellectuals and printed matter.

Furthermore, in the case of sebos, we can verify the role they play as memory spaces, keeping evidence of the intellectual and cultural life of different times, whether in the printed materials that have withstood the passage of time or in the diversity of objects that they keep and carry within themselves so many other stories. That is also an interesting niche for research but little explored. Bookstores are not only places of safekeeping but also education due to the material and immaterial culture they carry and can be understood as part of the educational heritage of a city.